Practices prevent the abuse of school funds Essay Example for Free

Practices prevent the abuse of school bullion EssayThe study of students and the welf ar situation of the staff argon paramount issues in addressing school finance. The nature of the pedagogy cadre in racy schools is an important part of the formal education of the young child who has in between the childhood and adolescent stages of human development. It is thitherfore important for he head teacher who is saddled with the responsibility of promoting education within the school to load the getable re generators to the right channels to achieve the intended results of infrastructure development and provision of facilities to ensure continuity of education in the school. Some of the Infrastructure development- that necessarily be upheld include library, art and technical studios, computer rooms, music room environmental sanitation, provision of teaching and learning aids, game centre and kits, award eucharist for staff and students In this age and time, it is needful to re alize that education is a affable and economic good this implies that it is an avenue to build viable human groovy which would contri juste to , national economic wealth and health alongside the effective utilization of material, capital and natural resources within the environment.This economic good also contributes to single(a) health by establishing an individual as a positive force within the community where he resides. Although education does not preclude evil but its positive impact app arntly outweighs its negatives. This issue is important because it informs the decision of the principal of head teacher of the high school about the judicial use of the funds available to him from various sources. What are these sources of funds to the high school?These include the federal allocation to public schools, the state allocation to schools within the jurisdiction. These two forms the socio-political source of funds, while there is the local source from payments by the attending s tudents. Besides, there could also be internally generated funds from projects, programs and economic activities approved for and/or by the school. Realizing the economic good in education and the source of funding of schools are important tools that erect contribute to stemming abuse of funds in schools especially high schools.While it is illegal to misuse funds for personal goals, aspirations like acquisition of political power or savings towards retirement, it is necessary for head teachers to realize the occasion of education in the growth and development of the adolescent child that attend high schools. If they realize the import this can have on the morals and social development of these kids, the propensity to embezzle schools funds would diminish in our schools.One of the practices that prevent abuse of funds includes fiscal accountability. Realizing that for every allocation by the government or payment by the attending students would be accounted for contribute to stopp ing the abuse of funds. This fiscal accountability is achieved by tracking fund though the content of revenue and expenditure track, monitoring of accounting transactions and auditing. As part of this measure, auditing is an inevitable tool it includes internal and external audit.While the former uses local staff, the last mentioned adopts using the appropriate institutions within the society which can rarely be influenced the caprices of a local head of high school. In any situation there is inconsistency in the tracking of the funds, which shows that there is need for more scrutiny of such heads. If this auditing can be effectively carried out at all levels of education especially at high schools, it would drastically change the shape of funding and spending within schools by their principals.Another equally important tool is Budgeting this includes organizing fiscal transactions, balancing them by stipulated revenue and expenditure plan with a view to meeting staff needs, fund student activities and attain social and local goals. Organizations can incremental, use of school site, outcome-focused or tailored towards program planning. Balancing includes planning revenue and expenditure in such a way as to achieve a balance, deficit or surplus. The aim of budgeting is basically to draw a financial plan to meet specific needs.This gives rooms for identifying challenges and tackling them within the limit of available resources. A comprehensive budget would meet staffing needs which interbreeds recruitment and selection, compensation, and continuous training and retraining on advancements in technological and teaching practices. It would also betray provisions for students activities and embark of appropriate programs that can meet school and district missions. There would also be allocations for infrastructure development to cover construction works, architectural lay-out and provision of necessary education facilities.Such a budget would encompass all area s that need improvement within the school when these goals are outlined and there is institutional will to meet them, it would be difficult to abuse funds. Usually available funds may not even be sufficient to meet needs driving fund-raising and capital programs for increased revenue generation. When purpose is not known, abuse is inevitable. This is the essence of the budget. Realizing the importance of good governance with evaluate to financial prudence on the morals of staff and students makes a leader a judicious custodian of available financial resources.Fiscal accountability through auditing by internal and external outfits dampens the propensity to divert school funds towards personal goals. Since knowledge does not preclude this evil, strict disciplinary measure meted to offenders who are convicted of this white collar crime is another practice that militates against abuse of school funds. These are measures that prevent misuse of school funds.REFERENCESSafeguarding School Funds by atomic number 1 Linn. 4th edition. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, 399-408 (1933) 1933 American Educational Research Association Chapter VI School Finance Does money matter? GT Burtless Policy Studies Journal, 1997 Pritchett, Lant Filmer, Deon, 1999. What education production functions really show a positive theory of education expenditures. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 223-239, April. Goldhaber, Dan D. , 1996. Public and private high schools Is school choice an perform to productivity problem. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 93-109, April.

Penelope lively Essay Example for Free

Penelope lively EssayAll 3 of the short stories carry a similar main theme, a theme which derives from the uncorrupted tale of Hansel and Grethal by the Brothers Grimm. A theme of disregard, procurement of the nieve and coincident wholey, murder. The first of these stories is The darkness out on that point by Penelope lively. This story doesnt follow the theme as strictly as the others only if it is loosely based upon it. The time prep bedness is not at first overly apparent. But it soon becomes clear that it was set not long after world war ii, late 40s early 50s. Probably in Kent or some other country side place.The tarradiddle is a story of generosity, which is shattered by evil. The goodness is symbolised by the children and the evil by the doddery woman. The crime is one of murder and the turning point is when the boy realises how evil the old woman is. In the next story, the lost hearts by M R James, the time set is a lot to begin with around the time of 1811. Its a ghost story as opposed to the darkness out there, which is a twentieth century fairy tale. Its is set in a mansion in Lincolnshire called Aswarby hall, a typical house in the reign of Anne.By the way of wording structure, this story uses some colloquial language with generally longer, more complex sentences and metaphorical language than the first story, A lot of the vocabulary used would be classed as archaic or old fashioned. The narative carries a simular feel as the first story, the child trusting the ravish character, and be procured into a trap. But the ending differed from the first as the criminal is punished. exit the story on a much higher note than the first. The final story is The landlady by Roahl Dahl.More a horror story than a fairytale, but there is still an element of procurement. Set in a picturesque town called Bath, more than likely in the 1950s. thither are only two main characters in this story, there is a one nightstick weaver, who plays the part of the innocent victim and there is a seemingly sweet old woman, who plays the fascinate character. The use of English is, in the main, standard and the colloquial language of the time would be considered as standard to a younger generation. When signing the guest book, Billy realises that something foal was afoot.He recognises seeing both the names in the paper under a murder column, this is the turning point. At the end of the story, we are do to believe that he is excessively poisoned, but this is not confirmed by the cliff-hanger ending. The darkness out there and the landlady are both set in the 20th century, This is made clear in the darkness out there by many lines, the main giveaway being a German plane came have there in the war, I am sure that we are all aware that German planes would not have came down in England, in the nineteenth century.And the time set is proven in the landlady by the line probably lost a son in the war. This point of proof could be arguable, there have been wars in both centauries which she could have lost her son in, but only the wars in the 20th century which stated compulsory enrolment. The lost hearts is set in the 19th century, there is much proof of this and it is apparent right from the beginning. The line in September of the year 1811 makes the time setting of the 1800s unarguable.There is of course further evidence to suggest this, the post chaise in line 4 and of course the more archaic language used such(prenominal) as as far as I can ascertain and tinged with the sort of melancholy. Both the C20 stories carry the same style as far as the use of Standard English with a little colloquial language of the time. They are both written in a more modern style, with shorter and little complex sentences than more classical pieces of writing And a big chest, jutted under washed out jerseys. Of the modern story, rather than It was as far as I can ascertain, in September of the year 1811 that a post-chaise drew up before the the d oor of Aswarby Hall, in the heart of Lincolnshire. If a theme had to be delegate to the stories, the theme would be procurement in each story, but if it was to be a style that would be assigned, the styles would vary. The darkness out there would be a murder/ thriller story. The landlady would defiantly be a 20th century fairytale. And the lost hearts would be more difficult to determine.It is a style of murder, fairytale and horror, with a hint of science fiction. I have touched on the archaic language used by James in a previous paragraph. He uses verbs and adjectives that would not be used so much today such as congruous, acquaintance and afore. Some of the language used in the other stories could also be described as now archaic. Words like spinney and lodgings. I feel that the only reason Liveleys and Dahls use of description appears quite simple compared to that of James, is because it uses adjectives we are far more familiar with such as fairly, wide, pretty and plump.Rathe r than adjectives such as purer and gently beating. As I have previously stated, all 3 stories carry a general theme of procurement, a theme which derives from the Grimms fairytale Hanzel und Grethel. It is clear in each story who plays the role of the wicked witch and who plays that of the innocent children. In the darkness out there, old Mrs Rutter plays thw witch character whilst the children play the innocent victims of procurement.

Microphase Separation of Miktoarm Star Copolymers

Micro bod Separation of Miktoarm Star CopolymersAbstractMiktoarm sorcerer do copolymers adopt attracted much attention due to their unique shape and intriguing properties comp atomic number 18d to the analog block copolymers, including compact structure, high critical micelle concentration, lower viscosity, efficient synthetic routes and wide range of morphologies. The different synthetic routes such as anionic polymerisation and controlled radical polymerization have made it possible to synthesis diverse molecular architecture of copolymer and these diverse architectured copolymers give numerous morphologies. For example, Archimedean tile patterns and cylindrical microdomains at symmetric volume fraction for miktoarm magician copolymers, which have not been report for linear block copolymers. This paper summarizes the morphology and micro mannikin separation of miktoarm star copolymers with nonlinear architecture. entrancewayBlock copolymers have attracted considerable attent ion because of their morphologies and nanophase structures such as spheres, cylinders, bicontinuous, and lamellae. These morphologies show due to the interacting repulsive force between the comp wizardnts, which particularly affected by the phase separation, which strongly depends on volume fraction of the blocks, the degree of polymerization, entropy variation with molecular weight, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and the molecular architecture of the block copolymers.14 All of these nanostructure have been widely used in various field such as optoelectronics, microelectronics, and nanotechnology for various applications such as templates, nanoreactors, membranes, optical materials, and data storage media.515 68 In particular, in the field of pharmaceutical, vesicles of miktoarm star make copolymer have been used as drug delivery vehicles.In comparison to any another(prenominal) linear block copolymers, star shaped or miktoarm star shaped copolymers show diverse morpholo gy and physical properties due to their different molecular architecture. For instance, unimolecular micelles of star copolymers displayed much higher stablility than the micelles of linear block copolymers because in the star shaped copolymer the arms are covalently connected to the central core. These highly stable micelles of star shaped copolymer have been using to synthesis monodisperse colloidal nanocrystal. 19-22In the linear diblock copolymers (AB) and linear triblock terpolymers (ABC), the morphologies or microphase structure are mostly governed by the volume fraction of one of the blocks (fA, fB = 1- fA) and one interaction parameter (AB), and two volume fraction parameters (fA, fB, fC = 1- fA fB) and three interaction parameters (AB, BC, CA), respectively. For example, spherical or cylindrical microdomains are only observed at asymmetric volume fractions, while lamellar microdomains are shown at symmetric volume fractions in diblock copolymers. However, nonlinear or mito arm star shaped copolymers showed cylindrical microdomains even at symmetric volume fraction due to the molecular architecture.Miktoarm star copolymers (sometimes called asymmetric star copolymers, heteroarm star copolymer or simply miktoarm copolymer) are star shaped copolymer, be of heteroarms covalently joined to a central core with different chemical compositions or molecular weights For example, AmBn miktoarm star copolymer where, m arms of A homopolymer and n arms of B homopolymer are linked to a central core, while in the star-shaped copolymers homoarms with identical chemical compositions are covalently joined to a central core. For instance, (A-b-B)n star-shaped copolymer where, n arms of A-b-B diblock copolymer are connected to a central core. Here the first written A block represents the inner block (core) and B block is the outside block (shell) of star shaped copolymer, as shown in material body 1. common fig 1 Schematic architectures of (a) miktoarm star copolymers (AmBn) and (b) star-shaped copolymers ((A-b-B)n).Miktoarm star shaped copolymers morphologies and their characterizationThe accomplishment of molecular architecture on miktoarm star shaped copolymers morphologies has been extensively investigated theoretically and experimentally.Theoretical investigationIn 1996, Milner 36 first reported theoretical phase diagram of AnBn miktoarm star shaped copolymers at the strong segregation limit. The morphology and microphase separation are determined by the competition between reduction of interfacial tension and the increase in stretching free energy as the copolymer blocks stretch away from the interface.Fig 2 Phase diagram of AnBn miktoarm star shaped copolymers at the strong segregation limit as a function of volume fraction of the B monomer (B), with increasing asymmetric parameter = (nA/nB)(lA/lB)1/2, where nA, nB are the numbers of A and B blocks, and lA, lB are characteristic lengths of A and B, respectively.In 1997, Floudas 37 figur e spinodal curves for the series of ABn miktoarm star shaped copolymers based on mean field theory. The results of the lower number of the series are plotted in Fig 3. The plot indicates that the critical value of the Nt (Nt = Na + nNb) of ABn miktoarm star copolymers is higher than that of diblock copolymers. Therefore, the microphase separation for ABn miktoarm copolymers becomes more difficult. It also indicates that the maximum critical value of Nt appears at n=3 (for AB3 miktoarm copolymers).Fig 3 (a) The spinodal curves (Nt vs. fA) for diblock and ABn miktoarm star copolymers with three different value of n (2, 3, and 4). (b) Critical values of Nt plotted as a function of the number of arms of the B block.In 2004, Grason and Kamien38 have calculated phase diagrams of AmBn miktoarm star copolymers for m = 1 with n = 2, 3, 4, and 5 using self consistent field theory (SCFT), but they did not consider the perforated lamellar (PL) and Fddd (O70, orthorhombic and single-network stru cture) phases. Later, in 2012, Matsen39 calculated the phase diagram for AB2 miktoarm star copolymer and found perforated lamellae (PL) and Fddd (O70), phases near gyroid phase (Fig 4).Fig 4 Theoretical phase diagram of AB2 miktoarm star copolymers with PL and Fddd phases.Experimental investigationABC Miktoarm Star TerpolymerMatsushita and coworkers7476 have investigated microphase separation of AxByCz miktoarm star terpolymers. For that they classified the molecular architecture into different series like I1.0S1.0Px1, I1.0SyP2.0, and I1.0S1.8Px2 where I = polyisoprene, S = polystyrene and P = poly (2-vinylpyridine) and 0.2 x 10, 1.1 x 2.7 and 3.2 x2 53. In all the TEM images and morphologies, I domain represented by black, S domain by white and P domain by gray color.Fig. 5 compares TEM images for the series, I1.0S1.0Px1. In figure 2(a) for the audition, I1.0S1.0P0.2, spheres of the highly minor component P are sandwiched with lamellae of two major components, I and S, which is called spheres sandwiched with lamellae. Figure 2(b) is a tiling structure as a cross-sectional view of a cylindrical structure from the sample, I1.0S1.0P0.7. This is one of the 12 Archimedean tiling structures. Figure 2(c) is a lamellar structure for the sample I1.0S1.0P3.0, where one of the lamellae is composed of other lamellae, which is called lamellae-in-lamella structure. Figure 2(d) for the sample I1.0S1.0P10 shows cylinders composed of alternating columnar I and S discs, the cylinders being packed hexagonally in a P matrix this pattern is called a lamellae-in-cylinder structure.Fig 5 Various morphologies of the type I1.0S1.0Px1. X1 values are (a) 0.2, (b) 0.7, (c) 3 and (d) 10.Fig. 6 compares the TEM images of structures series, I1.0SyP2.0, where two Archimedean tilings,(4.6.12) and (4.8.8) can be know easily in figure 6(a) for I1.0S1.3P2.0 and in figure 6(c) for I1.0S2.3P2.0 while another (3.3.4.3.4) tiling is seen in figure 6(b) for (I1.0S2.7P2.0) where the I (dark) and S (bright) domains are opposite to Fig 5(a) because of the composition difference.Fig 6 Tiling structures for I1.0SyP2.0. (a) I1.0S1.3P2.0 (b) I1.0S2.3P2.0 and (c) I1.0S2.7P2.0Fig 7(a) is the SAXS diffraction image for I1.0S2.3P2.0, in this pattern there are 12 diffraction spots in the lower q region, 4 of which belong to 20 and the other eight to 21. From careful data analyses, it shows that this pattern is corresponded to the Archimedean tiling (3.3.4.3.4) (Fig 7(b)).Fig 7 (a) SAXS diffraction image for I1.0S2.3P2.0. and (b) the corresponding real-space image.The TEM images for the series, I1.0S1.8Px2 are reported in Fig 8, where Fig 8(a) for the sample, I1.0S1.8P3.2, shows I and S domains form gyroid membrane in the P domain. Figure 8(b) for I1.0S1.8P6.4 and 8(c) for I1.0S1.8P53 show cylinder-in-lamella and hierarchical structure, respectively.Fig 8 TEM images for (a) I1.0S1.8P3.2 (b) I1.0S1.8P3.2 and (c) I1.0S1.8P3.2Fig 9 summarizes microphase separation observed for IxSyPz mik toarm star terpolymers with different volume ratios between the arms.Fig 9 Kaleidoscopic morphologies from the IxSyPz miktoarm star shaped block terpolymer system. (a) Lamellae-in-sphere, (b) lamellae-in-cylinder, (c) cylinder-in-lamella, (d) hyperbolic tiling, (e) zinc blende, (f) sphere-sandwiched-with-lamella, (g) Archimedean tiling and (h) lamellae-in-lamella.

Quantification of Opiates in Hair Samples

Quantification of Opiates in Hair SamplesThe analysis of controlled drug ab sensual exertion has been primarily been carried show up using urine cast offs. This is then complemented throw out with hire of other biological nomadics such as blood, sweat and saliva. There argon m any advantages as to why urine is a better biological fluid to use in similitude to the other biological fluids. Some these includeLess invasive No needles required to obtain the ingest.Little medical supervision requiredCost of conducting the strain is lowerUrinalysis thus far in addition has some limitations, some which arThe drug detection window (DDW), the time cast in which the drug lavatory be detect is somewhat short. It is typically 1-3 days.The sample erect be easily contaminated whence testing is carried out on an altered sample.The sample fag end be easily changed if it is diluted. 2There ar also safety issues, if improper cargon is taken when handling the sample then sin conta ct whitethorn lead to infections.Abstinence can also provide inaccurate readings. If prior k nowledge of when the test is going to be carried out, the user may abstain from using the controlled substance a few day prior to the test organism carried out.Consumption of excessive water the user excessive amount of water argon consumed then the sample given may be diluted, therefore providing an inaccurate assimilation of the drug offense.The cut off wind- Urinalysis tends not to have a low enough of a cut off point. This will mistake controlled drug abuse with other realiz competent metabolites of food. An sheath of this is the consumption of poppy seeds. This can be mistaken for morphine abuse.With further developments analytical techniques such as GC/MS tomentum cerebri samples are now the preferred sample to for the analysis of controlled drug abuse. This is then complemented with urinalysis and blood analysis. The advantages using whisker includeDrugs are commonly found in tomentum cerebri samples.Hair tends to be more(prenominal) of a qualitative test rather than a quantitative. It measures the concentration and frequency of the abuse, not just its nominal head. 3A longer DDW measures the abuse the abuse over months and years, as appose to days.The chart above shows the concentration of a drug set up urine and pigs-breadths-breadthcloth over a finale of 12 daysHair is easier to handle poses no threat of infection if skin contact is make 4.Hair is a more stable standard it has a stable protein bodily structure which cannot be easily contaminated 5Little medical supervision or surgical intervention is required when obtaining the sample and is therefore seen to be less invasive.1 HAIR1.1Anatomy of HairHair is made up of two distinct compartments, the shaft and the follicle/root. The shaft is the visible outer(prenominal) part, which comes out of the skin on the scalp. This part is often referred to as the dead part of hair. The reaso n for this is that the compartment within the skin, the follicle has a bulb shaped ending. Within the sum of the bulb there are cells, which are constantly dividing. As new cells are produced the older ace are pushed up. As they are contemptible up they die slowly, which then form the hard shaft.Each strand of hair is made up of protein fibres called keratins. The chemical composition of keratin includes long chains of amino acids. One key example of these amino acids is cysteine, which contains sulphur. One key ability of sulphur is its ability to form wedges with other sulphur molecules, disulpher bridges. This is type of chemis bear witness is posit in hair. Adjacent keratin proteins link together to form disulphide bonds. The molecular inter achieves between these bonds are quite strong, and therefore it is quite hard to hand the bond between them. The disulphide bonds can be broken using an alkali solution, as acidic solutions generally have no effect.Each strand consist s of three molds the cuticle, lens cortex and medulla. The medulla is made up of cells that are quite large and hollow. The middle layer is the cortex, which makes up the majority of hair. The cells in this layer are tightly packed due to cross links between the keratin chains. The characteristic of hair are predominantly goaded by this layer. This includes the colour of hair. different characteristic determined by the cortex are the flexibility and strength of hair and the also the texture.The cuticle is the outermost layer and is formed by a single layer of overlapping tightly packed cells, which are transparent in appearance. This layer provides protection for the cortex and the medulla. This layer also characterises the strength of hair, as its strenuousness it is able to take the effects of any impact.Within the root is the follicle, this is a multilayered bulb like structure. Where each layer has its own function. At the base of the bulb is the cutaneous papilla. This is fed by small blood vessels. The function of these vessels is to provide essential nutrients and oxygen to the exploitation hair, it also removes any waste products. This is also the site of where signals are received, instructing hair to grow. 7 This is done by the presence of hormones and adrenogens. The adrenogens determine when hair grows and also the size of the follicle. Therefore influencing the physical properties of hairs, i.e. thickness.The hair follicle is covered by two sheaths, the cozy and outer. The function of these sheath is to provide protection to the hair shaft. The inner sheath coats the follicle up to the opening of the sebaceous gland. The outer sheath coats the follicle all the way up to the gland.1.2The Hair CycleEach strand of hair grows in a repeated three stage cycle, starting with the Anagen phase continuing to the Catagen phase and reason out with the Telogen phase. 8Anagen phase Hair growth phaseOccurs with 85 % of hairs at any one timeDuration 2-6 Years drill Stimulus received at dermal papilla Rapid reproduction ofkeratinocytes within the bulb Upward movement of keratinocytes Formation of hair shaftCatagen Phase Regression phaseDuration 1-2 WeeksActivity Mitosis cycle ends and reabsorption occurs The old keratinocytescells are then preceded by the new ones Death of the frontkeratinocytes Hair follicle size reduced by 1/6 Degradation ofthe lower part Hair follicle becomes detached Keratinocytescells attached to the follicle and the dermal enter the next phase.Telogen Phase Rest phaseOccurs with 15% of hairsDuration 3 MonthsActivity Dermal papilla is in a resting state Towards the end of the stage,the hair and follicle become detached from one another a newconnection made between the lower part of the follicle and the dermalpapilla at one time the connection has been made, the cycle will startagain Anagen phase Formation of a new hair, if the previoushair is still attached to the follicle then the new one will p ush out theold hair 81.4Integration of Opiates Into HairThere have been several studies carried out that look into how drugs and their metabolites are integrated into hair. These studies have proposed some simple mechanisms as to how this is done. However an in depth explanation would require further studies to be carried out.As hair has a protein structure, it is able to trap the metabolites surrender in the blood into hair whilst the structure is being synthesised. This is auctioned whilst the hair is attached to the follicle, i.e. whilst the hair is growing. As the hair fibre is being formed, the drug and its metabolites become integrated. This will result in the drug and its metabolites to be stabilised within the keratin structure.The basic model proposes a mechanism that a drug and it metabolites may be integrated by passive diffusion. This is where the drug is passively diffused from the dermal capillaries into the growing hair cells. The point at which this passive diffusi on occurs is when the hair is follicle length is at a length of approximately 1.2 1.5 mm long. This is the length between the hair matrix area and the area of the keratinised area. This suggests that if the hair is 1.2 1.5 mm long then drug exposure of about three days is available for analysis.A more detailed model can also explain how drugs and their metabolites can be integrated into hair. This takes into account diverse mechanisms occurring various measure of the hair growth cycle, and at a number of different locations. The research into this multi-compartment theory was initiated by Henderson 10, but has since been backed up by further studies.An example of this is, the movement of the drugs and its metabolites from sweat and Sebum. The consolidation of the drugs and their metabolites occurs once the hair has been formed. Studies have shown that the concentration of drugs in sweat is higher than the concentration found in blood. This would therefore explain the high conce ntrations if drugs found in hair. 10 Drugs can also be integrated into hair from the immaterial environment, i.e. from air, water and hair treatments such as hair dying, and perming.As well as the external environment drugs can also be integrated with hair by intradermal transfer. This happens deep within the skin compartment, where passing lipid soluble drugs can penetrate into the skin layer and then become integrated into hair. 11 Also melanin content may have some influence on the drug being transferred. The drug may associate with melanin sites that are present in the skin. This will result in the transfer of the drug and its metabolites as well as melanin paint molecule.The actual properties of the drug being integrated will also ultimately influence which mechanism is used for the drug to be integrated with hair. Examples of these properties include the structural, chemical, and physical properties. When looking specifically at the structural properties, there are three fac tors that will influence the mechanism undertaken to integrate the hair. 13 These includeThe melanin content of the hairThe lipophilicity of the drugThe basicity of the drugThe influence of melanin on the integration of the drug with has been examined in several studies. A sample of grey hair was analysed. It can be seen that the sample contains colour hair and pigmented hair. It was found that even though the root had been lay under the akin conditions, i.e. the same concentration of the drug and its metabolites in the blood the pigmented had ten times the concentration of the basic drug compared to the hair sample that was not pigmented. 14 This study carried out by M. Rothe et al prompted further studies to be carried out. These looked at the difference in drug concentration between black, brown, blonde and red coloured hair. The results obtained from this study also found the correlating results.The integration of un committald organic i.e. lipophilic drugs can dawn the memb rane with ease, as well as being able to diffuse along the concentration gradient. This however is not the type with lipophobic or charged drugs. When they try to infiltrate the membrane a drug resistant barrier is formed, therefore restricting the drug from entering the membrane. Also basic and acid drugs, are highly ionised can enter the membrane if the charge they have is neutralised. This is achieved by deprotonation or protonation. This suggests that the pkA of the drug is an important factor, when it is trying to enter the melanocyte cells so it can be integrated with hair.Studies have also found that the intracellular pH of melanocytes typically ranges from 3 to about 5. Due to this chemical property, there is an increase in the accumulation of drugs at pigmented sites. However this is not the case for all acidic drugs, so this is why they are often found in lower concentrations. 132. Opiates and Opioids2.1Derivation and diligent componentThe opiates are derived from opium . Opium is released from immature seeds that grow within the poppy plant, also known as papaverus somniferum.The active component from which the opiates are synthesised, is known as the latex. This is a duster milk like emulsion fluid that is released, when an incision made on the green wall of the poppy plant seed. The latex is removed typically between 1-3 weeks later the poppy plant has flowered.The white latex is then dried, leading to the formation of brown coloured opium. They are a mathematical group of about 20 opiate alkaloids. An opiates can however is a synthetic chemical/drug that can be synthesised using an opiate as starting material, or be richly synthesised to mimic the action of an opiate. morphine is the most prominent opiate present within opium, making up 10%. Codeine is second, which makes up approximately 5% of opium. The other main constituents of opium include thebaine, noscapine and papaverine.Some of the twenty alkaloids can be synthesised further in laboratories They can be synthesised using an opiate as starting material, or be fully synthesised to mimic the action of an opiate.An example of this is the synthesis of heroin from morphine. There are also opioids that can be synthesised fully in a laboratory. An example of this type of opioid is methadone.2.2ClassificationThe opiates can be classified into three main categories, lifelike opiates, semi synthetic opioids and fully synthetic opioids.2.2.1Natural OpiatesThese are chemical/drugs that are synthesised directly from the latex that is produced from the seedlings of the poppy plant. Once the latex has been dried it is now known as opium. The natural opiates are then extracted from the dried opium. The most abundant chemical/drug present in the opium is morphine, accounting for 10 % of opium. The second most abundant natural opiate is codeine, account for approximately 5 % of opium. Thebaine is the third most abundant opiate, accounting for approximately 3% of opium.Theba ineThe chemical composition of morphine and codeine is quite complex. This is why it is not feasible to synthesise them in a laboratory. This therefore means that the best method of obtaining these opiates is by dint of direct extraction from the poppy plant.2.2.2Semi Synthetic OpiatesThese types of opiates are synthesised using the natural opiates, such morphine as starting points. There are a Brobdingnagian amount of semi synthetic opiates. One example of a natural opiate being used to synthesise a semi synthetic opiate is the production of heroin from morphine.HEROINThe reaction of morphine with acetic anhydride results in the formation of diacytylmorphine, also known as heroin. Morphine as well as the other natural opiates are the starting material for many semi synthetic opiates. The table below shows examples of these semi synthetic opiates.Semi Synthetic OpiateAlso Known AsStarting Natural OpiateChemical StructureHydromorphoneDihydromorphinone and DimorphoneMorphine Hydroge nated ketoneHydrocodoneDihydrocodeinoneCodeine and ThebaineOxycodoneDihydrohydroxycodeinoneThebaine The structure is similar to codeine, but differs in 3 ways1 -hydroxyl group at C-14, codeine has a H2- has a dihydro between C 7,8, codeine has double C bond3- carbonyl group present instead of a hydroxyl groupOxymorphone14-HydroxydihydromorphinoneThebaine or Morphine Esterification of the hydroxyl groupsDesomorphineDihydrodesoxymorphineMorphine Remove 6-hydroxy groupSaturation of the 7,8 C double bondHeroinDiacetylmorphineMorphine-Addition of acetyl ester groups at C 3,6, therefore diacetyl ester of morphineCodethylineEthylmorphineCodeine or Morphinethe OC2H5 group substituted for an aromatic 3-OH2.2.3Fully Synthetic OpiatesThe fully synthetic opioids are completely chemically different to opiates, however the mode of action on the body. The fully synthetic opiates are able to mimic the way morphine acts on the body. The first type of fully synthetic opiates that was synthesised wa s called meperidine. This was then with the production of methadone.Some other examples of fully synthetic opiates are fentanyl, pethidine, tramadol and dextropropoxyphene. The advantages of synthesising these synthetic opiates are that the potency of the chemical/drug can be rapidly change magnitude, in comparison to that of morphine.2.2.4Endogenous OpiatesThese are natural substances that are produced within the brain. The characteristics of the endogenous opiates are similar to that of the alkaloid opiates that derived from the poppy plant, commonly known as exogenic opiates. The endogenous opiates interact with opiates receptors in the same way as the exogenous opiates i.e. causing analgesia and euphoria. Examples of these endogenous opiates areEndorphinsEnkephalinsDynorphins2.3 Mode of Action of OpiatesOpiates are chemicals that act on the body in two ways. The first is by reducing or stopping chemical signals, therefore having sedative effects. This will result in a reduction reaction time in which the body reacts to pain, also helps to decrease the awareness of pain and finally helps increase the tolerance of pain. The second way in which the opiates act within the body is to create a feeling of elation.The mechanisms that allow the opiates to behave this way is achieved by the interactions that occur at the opiate receptors. The opiate receptors are located mainly in the central nervous system, i.e. the brain and spinal cord and also within the respiratory centre. The body also produces it own natural opiates, known as endogenous opiates. Some examples of these endogenous opiates are endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins. They are all released naturally to interact with the opiate receptors. The endorphins are located in the hypothalamus, and are released in response to stress. The enkephalins are present within the central nervous system, and act on the pain pathways. The dynorphins are also located in central nervous system, the spinal cord. They are also associated with the pain pathways.These natural opiates interact with three main opiate receptors mu, kappa and delta, which are g-protein coupled.The opiates that are derivative of the poppy plant are called exogenous opiates. They also interact with the mu, kappa and opiate receptors. If the use of the exogenous opiate s is abused, adverse effects. As well as the opiates being able to block pain, they also make the user feel elated. This is the result of the opiates reacting with mu opiate receptors. The same receptor that the endogenous opiates, endorphin reacts with. Due to these properties it is often the case that opiates are used recreationally as appose to medically.3. Extraction of Opiates from Hair3.1In order to determine the presence of in a hair sample, the drugs need to be extracted from the hair structure. The reason for this is that there have not been any developments in analytical techniques that analyse the hair and drug when they are combined in one struc ture. This is why extraction steps are taken to analyse the drug separately from the hair structure. The pickaxe of solvent used for the extraction process must take into consideration the chemical structure of the drug, and what response they will have to the solvent.3.2Division of hair in to segmentsHair must be divided into segments prior to the opiates being extracted. As hair grows at a rate 0.5 inches per month ref -see notes, it provides a timeline of when and at what concentration the opiates we consumed. The hair sample must be all be of the same length prior to being analysed. It is quite difficult to quantify at which occlusion of time the opiate was consumed if a clump of hair is used as appose to a single strand of hair. it is generally get harder the longer the distance from the root. This is why it is beneficial to analyse the hair sample in incisions. 25-22Studies carried out, have found the following divisions of a 45 cm length provide the optimum analysis. utte r(a) from the root the following divisions are made4 x 0.5 cm3 x 1.0 cm2 x 2.0 cm2 x 3.0 cm2 x 5.0 cm2 x 10 cm3.3Decontamination of hairPrior to any extraction techniques being carried out on hair, any external contaminants must be removed. Although the analytical techniques analyse the opiates that are incorporated within the hair structure, sometimes other substances may be detected if the decontamination process is not actioned correctly. The results of the analysis may account for surface contaminants that may have made contact with hair, i.e. if the user has touched a substance and by and by touches their hair. This will result in a positive result eng obtained even though the user has not consumed the substance.Other possible sources of these contaminants may be from hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners. Also any hair styling products, such waxes and hair sprays also need to be removed. As well these sweat and any fatty sebum released from the sebaceous glands need to be removed. Also environmental contaminants such dust need to be discarded. If the sample prior to being cut was clear to any drugs in the environment, this step will remove this source of contamination. The reason for decontaminating the hair sample is to prevent any background noise when the sample is analysed. The excerption of the decontaminant has to have specific properties. This is because it has to remove any external contaminants, however not be able to remove any of the drugs and its metabolites from the hair sample. 15Non protic solvents such as dichlormomethane and propanone are good decontaminates as they do not swell the hair, so extraction will not occur.Using a 300mg sample of hair is used. It is placed into an ultrasonic bath,There are series wash cycles performed on the hair sample, and are usually initiated with two washes with dichloromethane. A typical experiment conducted in 16, which essay to determine the opiate content in hair carried out four d ifferent wash cycle, on four different samples of hair.20 ml of dichloromethane, 15 ml of acetone, 15 ml of methanol, 10 ml of methanol.20 ml of isopropanol, 15 ml of acetone, 15 ml of methanol, 10 ml of methanol.20 ml of dichloromethane, 15 ml of isopropanol, 15 ml of methanol, 10 ml of methanol.20 ml of n-hexane , 15 ml of acetone, 15 ml of methanol, 10 ml of methanol.This experiment showed that a mixture of solvents could be used to wash the hair samples.3.4Disintegration of opiates from hair structureAs there are currently no analytical techniques that test for opiates whilst they are integrated within the hair structure. This means that the hair structure must first of all be digested and then the drugs and its metabolites are extracted, to determine which drugs are present.There are various solvents used to extract opiates and its metabolites from hair.3.4.1Extraction with MethanolMethanol is a good solvent used to extract opiates from hair. It is hydrophilic, so it can enter the hair structure quite easily. The action of methanol is that it causes the hair to swell up. This will result in the drugs integrated within the hair structure to be released. This is done by the opiates diffusing out. This extraction is carried out in an ultrasonic bath. This helps to degrade the hair structure. There are some impurities still present once this methanol extraction has been carried out. So a secondary clean up is still required. 17There are some disadvantages to this extraction method. This is because the amount of drug obtained from the extraction procedure, is quantitatively less than other extraction methods used to derive opiates hair from hair.However the main disadvantage of using is that using methanol extraction, this is that the opiate extracted can sometimes be hydrolysed. An example is the conversion of 6-monoacetylmprphine (Heroin) to morphine. This results in the non detection of monoacetylmprphine (heroin). 13 Therefore when trying to detect the opi ate Heroin, it can be hydrolysed to morphine. Therefore resulting in the heroin present in hair to go undetected. 213.4.2Extraction with a buffer solutionThis extraction procedure is widely used to extract opiates and their metabolites from hair. It generally seen to be one the more successful methods. A typical buffer solution would be a phosphate buffer, at a pH of approximately 6.4 7.6. 18 In comparison to methanol phosphate buffer are seen to be a cleaner approach of extracting opiates. In addition to use the phosphate sometimes additional enzyme are added to help to determine intricate metabolites. A typical enzymes used are combination of glucuronidase and arylsulphitase.3.4.3Supercritical Fluid ExtractionThis method uses a supercritical fluids such carbon dioxide (CO2) to extract opiates from hair.It is seen to be advantageous over other extraction methods, as supercritical fluids have specific properties that allow them to be more businesslike in extracting opiates and the ir metabolites from hair samples. Some examples of these properties include that physically, supercritical fluids are less viscous than other solvents. This in turn allows them to move more freely. 19They have an increased speed of extraction, in particular with opiates. Research carried out into the extraction of opiates from hair using supercritical fluids by Edder et al. It was found that use of the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide, not only speeded up the extraction process but also retrieved a high yield. It was found that 100 % of the morphine that was present in the hair sample was extracted, along with 98.2% codeine, and 92% of methadone. This was all done in a 25 minute procedure. 20Other advantages of using supercritical fluids to extract opiates from hair samples are that it has been found that supercritical fluids tend not to contaminate the samples, in comparison to solid phase extraction and liquid liquid extraction. The efficiency of this method also allows the proc edure to be more automated in comparison to other extraction techniques.3.4.4Enzymatic Digestion of the Hair matrixThis method primarily uses the enzymes pronase and protein kinase A to break down the hair structure. The procedure requires the hair sample to be placed into the enzyme mixture at temperature between 40 -60oc for approximately 6 12 hours. 22The action of these enzymes is to breakdown the disulphide bonds that are present within the hair structure. Often dithiothreitol is used to aid pronase and protein kinase A, by decreasing the time taken to extract the opiates and their metabolites from the hair sample.Other enzymes used to breakdown the hair structure include glucuronidase and arylsulphitase.The disadvantage of using this method in comparison to other extraction techniques is that some of the sample may be altered prior to them being for the analytical tests. An example is the antibodies that are required for radio immunoassays, may be denatured by excessive hotn ess required by this extraction process.3.4.5Digestion with Sodium Hydroxide.The use of alkaline solutions such as sodium hydroxide in digesting hair for the extraction of opiates has proven to be very compatible. This is because unlike acid solvents the constituents of the opiates are not hydrolysed along with the hair structure. An example of study conducted by Aldo Polettini et al found that in some case hair samples of heroin users, when digested in methanol hydrolysed the heroin to morphine. Whereas the hair sample that was digested in sodium hydroxide successfully hydrolysed the hair structure but did not alter the opiate and its constituents. refTypical experiments digest hair samples in a 2M concentration of sodium hydroxide, set at a temperature of about 79c for 60minutes.4. tout Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hair Samples4.1How GC/MS worksGas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry are two separate analytical techniques that are used together to quantitativel y detect low concentrations of opiates. This analytical technique has exceptional specificity to the detecting in opiates in hair, with levels ranging from nanograms to picograms.4.1.1Gas ChromatographyThe gas chromatograph is a heated up unit that has thin silica capillary columns, which have a cross linked silicone layer. The opiate sample is injected into an break and heated. The sample is heated until the boiling point of the last part of the opiate sample has been exceeded by approximately 20 C. This is typically between 200 260 C. This leads to the vaporisation of the opiate sample.The vaporised opiate sample will move to the lead offning section of the silica capillaries. This is aided by an inert gas, typically helium. The temperature is somewhat reduced at the silica capillaries, typically 120C. This will result in the condensation of the opiate sample. The reason for this condensation step is to ensure that all of the constituents of the opiate sample commence forward from a uniform point.The opiate molecule will start to disintegrate as it moves along the capillary column. This disintegration is caused by varied physiochemical interactions that occur with the different constituents of the opiate molecule, during the stationary phase.The time taken for each constituent or metabolite to move of the opiate sample to move through the capillary tube, from the point of injection is referred to as the retention time. 284.1.2Mass SpectrometryOnce the separate constituents of the opiate sample leave the capillary column, they begin to enter the flowerpot spectrometer. The compartment between the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer is under high vacuum, which have quadrapoles that cover the end of the silica capillary.Now that the sample is moving along from the GC they are met by a beam of electrons, resulting in the sample to become ionised. The quadrapoles split the different constituents of the opiate samples, in relation to their electrical charge and their molecular weight. An electrical pulse is generated as the ion detector acts on the charged opiate constituents. This is all recorded on to library computer, which generates a spectrum of the opiate constituents behaviour within the mass spectrometer. 29A Typical GC/MS A capillary tubeCOMPUTER4.2A typical GC/MS procedure on hair samples of opiate abusers.4.2.1Typical GC ConditionsThe type of capillary column used to quantification of the opiates is a HP 5MS, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane, with dimensions of 30m x 0.25m x 0.25m film thickness.The temperature of the inlet is set to 230c.The inert gas used was 99.999% helium, which flows at a rate of 1ml/min.The temperature of the oven is held at 150c for 1 minute.The GC is then programmed to increase the temperature in the following increments. 304.2.2Mass spectrometry ConditionsThe mass detector was set up to operate at voltage of 70eV.The temperature at the quadrupol

Similarities Between Mitochondria And Bacteria Biology Essay

Similarities Between Mitochondria And Bacteria Biology EssayBacteria are believed to be among the oldest cells on Earth, fossils indicate bacterium-like organisms were almost to a greater extent or less 3.5 billion years ago. They are unicellular micro-organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and contain no organelles. Many people consider them to be the cause of many diseases, which they are, moreover the human body contains trillions of bacteria, aiding processes such as digestion and growth. Mitochondria on the other hand are organelles make up in the majority of eucaryotic cells, they produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). What could these organelles found in eukaryotes have in common with bacteria, which are prokaryotes? Hopefully this essay volition address that motion and attempt to answer it. To achieve this in the first section of this essay I will consider the structural similarities between them both. I will then(prenominal) go on to com pare the functional similarities in the second section of this essay which will then be followed by a section outlining and explaining the endosymbiotic supposition which should help to clarify the previous sections. Finally I will summarise the similarities between mitochondria and bacteria and the causes of these similarities and the validity of the surmise explaining them.StructureAt first look bacteria and mitochondria look to have a very different internal bodily structure and can also have a radically different immaterial shape, but inside they do share some similarities. The internal structure of bacteria is very simple, it contains no membrane bound organelles, but instead it contains a nucleoid which is the central part of the cell and it is where the desoxyribonucleic acid is generally confined to. Ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of the bacteria as well as memory granules. All bacteria have a plasma membrane, most also have a cell wall and while some have a cap sule, others do not (1). Some bacteria also have flagella which are tiny whip-like structures often located at one end of the cell. Although they vary in size greatly, common bacteria such as Escherichia coli are about 2m in length, when comparing this to mitochondria they are very similar in length but like bacteria, the shapes and sizes of mitochondria vary significantly depending on what species or cell they are found in (2).Mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm of both animal and plant cells they are cylindrical structures that consist of an outer membrane, inner membrane and matrix. Like bacteria, mitochondria also have their own circular DNA genome which is separate from the nucleus of the cell which is located in the matrix. The membrane of the mitochondria is also very similar to the membrane found around the bacteria it is double layered and is made up from lipids, just like a prokaryotes membrane. This is interesting as it shows no similarities with a eukaryotic cells cytoplasm, but instead it is very similar to the slice of a bacterial membrane. The inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane, cristae, are very similar to mesosomes found in bacteria. Mitochondria also contain ribosomes similar to those found in bacteria this will be explained further in the next section.FunctionThe main function of bacteria, like any organism, is to reproduce, and while mitochondrias main function is to produce energy in the form of ATP it also needs to reproduce. Mitochondria are formed by a process very similar to binary fission, the method by which bacteria divide. When a bacterium reaches a certain size, it splits down the middle to create two organisms. In a mitochondrion the nucleus signals the cell to produce more organelles, but only the mitochondria actually replicate themselves while other organelles have to be made up from substances present within the cell. There is an electron bring chain found in both the plasma membrane around a prokaryote as well as in the membrane around the mitochondria but it is absent in membrane of eukaryotic cells.Proteins are required in a cell to perform all functions and all synthesis of these proteins takes dapple in ribosome these ribosomes are present throughout the cell but mitochondria have their own ribosomes to produce the proteins they need. Chemical and microscopic analysis shows how the structures of mitochondrial and bacterial ribosomes share more similarities with each other than with ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are 80S in size while ribosomes found in bacteria and mitochondria are 70S in size (3). One experiment carried out by Margulis showed that the protein synthesis of both mitochondria and bacteria are sensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol and unresponsive to cyclohexamide and emetine whilst cytoribosomal protein synthesis is insensitive to erythromycin and chloramphenicol and is usually sensitive to cyclohexamide an d emetine, suggesting that mitochondrial ribosomes are different from those found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, and are similar to those found in bacteria. This experiment among other structural and functional similarities lead to Margulis to formulate the theory of endosymbiosis.EndosymbiosisThe theory of endosymbiosis had been around before the inference published by Lynn Margulis, but it was her work that made it a widely accepted theory among biologists. Included in her hypothesis was the thought that mitochondria are the result of endocytosis of oxidative bacteria. This would explain the similarities between mitochondria and bacteria, and why mitochondria differ from what would be expected from a typical eukaryotic organelle. The theory purposes that a proto-eukaryotic cell ingested an aerobic bacterium but it failed to digest it. The aerobic cell then thrived due to the cells cytoplasm being full of partially digested food molecules, and some of the ATP may have leak ed into the cells cytoplasm. This occurred around a clock where the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere was increasing and aerobic respiration was advantageous to survive (3). An increase in ATP must have caused a growth advantage to the proto-eukaryote, enabling it to dominate over other cells that lacked cell walls and endosymbionts. The endosymbiont, originally the aerobic bacterium, eventually became dependent on the host for both defense and nutrients, meaning there was little need for genes involved in these processes. On the other hand, due to the endosymbiont only being permitted to remain if it continued to capture and storehouse energy, there was a strong selective pressure to retain the genes involved in energy capture and storage. Eventually genes whose products were of no use to the host eroded and were ultimately lost. Finally as the genome reduction continued, the endosymbiont evolved into an energy-providing organelle. However, some more recent research sugg ests that the endosymbiont may have been an anaerobic bacterium with a fermentative metabolism (4). The bacterium that was originally engulfed is believed to have evolved into a mitochondrion that enabled the evolution of larger organisms.The endosymbiotic theory is well supported, although there are many different variations of it there is strong evidence that suggests mitochondria did originate from bacteria. The similarities in the previous sections are all evidence pointing towards endosymbiosis and this theory explains why bacteria and mitochondria have much in common, and why the mitochondrias function and structure often defies what would be expected from a eukaryotic organelle.ConclusionThe similarities between bacteria and mitochondria are easy to see despite belonging to different domains. When a mitochondrion is looked at in detail there are obvious differences to a eukaryotic cell and other organelles present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, the biggest of these is perhaps the presence of mitochondrial DNA, but there are similarities in many other aspects of a mitochondrion. Their primary functions may be different but bacteria and mitochondria subdued share process such as binary fission. All this evidence leads to the endosymbiotic theory which offers an explanation for these similarities, although many parts of it are still being debated. This theory allows us to understand how single cell organisms developed into the vast array of complex organisms that are present 3.5 billion years after the first bacteria are thought to have existed.

The Irish Troubles: Yeats Poetry Essay -- Writing Writers Literature

The Irish Troubles Yeats PoetryWilliam Butler Yeats, born in Dublin, Ireland June 13, 1865, is considered by galore(postnominal) to be one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. The following exposition, grounded on the hypothesis that Yeats poetry was resolutely influenced by the political occurrences of that time period, exit give biographical information, a recounting of the political upheaval during that period, specific poetry excerpts/critical analysis and validation of hypothesis.William Butler Yeats is one of the many famous names to return from the original Golden Dawn. His poetry and writings were a display of his passion for mysticism and the Occult Sciences(www.webus.com/hogd/bioyeats.html). He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1924. Yeats effected early on the oppression and austerity that both he and his fellow countrymen endured. Yeats father was a lawyer, who later pursued a career as a painter. In 1867, the family followed him to Lo ndon, where William spent most of his youth. Upon his return to Dublin, Yeats furthered his studies at the Metropolitan School of Art. As a writer Yeats made his debut in 1885, when he print his first poems in The Dublin University Review(www.kifjasto.sci/wbyeats.htm). In 1887 the family returned to Bedford Park and Yeats devoted himself to writing. Later in 1889, Yeats met his undeniable love, Maude Gonne, an Irish Nationalist, who greatly inspired his poetry. However, Maude later hook up with Major John MacBride.At the start of the Irish Civil War Yeats went to Oxford, but returned then to Dublin, becoming a Senator in the same year. As a politician Yeats defended Protestant interests and took pro-Treaty stance against Republicans. In 1932 Ye... ...likely that anyone reading this article can image sensible violence and most of us simply find the miss of civil behavior to be far beyond anything we can understand. It seemed to me that it would be appropriate to try and shed some light on the so-called troubles because the built in bed in Northern Ireland exceeds several lifetimes and yet appears incomprehensible(//www.ftlcomm.com/ensign/ireland/ireland2.html).To conclude, Ireland has faced years of prejudice, suppression, and tyranny. Yeats, like many other nationalists recognized this and in his own counsel attempted to address these issues by publicly announcing his contempt for this discrimination, through poetry, but to no avail. As we can see, these troubles continue to challenge the citizens of Ireland. Perhaps, one day this persecution will cease to exist, but for now it is an existing way of life

The Importance of the Sonnet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet

Al kBgh Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy of both childlike get laidrs caught in the whirlpool of their own youthful passion, it is also a tragedy of two teen people at the mercy of a feud not of their making and of fateful events over which they claim no control. Regardless of our individual response to this play, we have a common response of deep sadness over the senseless deaths of the two young lovers. Regardless of the cause of the tragic events, we are on their side. thither are several ways to think about Romeo and Juliet, but recent discussions of the play look at the form and language of love that Shakespeare uses and how his use of cardinal particular form, the sonnet, enhances our sense of the play. By directing our attention to the sonnet qualities in Romeo and Juliet, we are able to discern a growing maturity in these two characters, one which, especially in the case of Juliet, belies their untried youth. This article will examine how the sonnet conventi ons found in Romeo and Juliet reflect the plays stance on young love as well as how Juliets resistance to the sonnet reveals a character that allows her to endure the desertion of virtually everyone around her. The sonnet is a fourteen-line love poem. Perfected by the Italian Petrarch in the fifteenth century, the form followed certain conventions. The subject matter was that of unrequited love. The sonneteer would write a cycle of sonnets dedicated to a woman, his sonnet lady, whom he knew only from afar, who was unavailable, whose very presence changed ones earthly existence into heaven. The fourteen-line sequence was often marked by a reversal, a turn mingled with the first eight and the last six lines. Frequently, the turn would move from the ph... ...m to abandon Juliet in the tomb of her dead ancestors with the body of Romeo. Throughout the chaos that occurs when the tragedy in the tomb is discovered by the outside world, Juliet remains firm and resolute, a stark contrast t o the confusion that even spills into the streets of Verona For I will not away(predicate) (5.3.160). Preferring death to the hostile world around her, she stabs herself with Romeos dagger. Although we see the chastened adults receive their greatest punishment, the deaths of their children, it seems far too great a price to pay for the settling of a feud. Our hearts remain with Romeo and Juliet, who found passion in love rather than in hatred and who matured far beyond their adult role models. This thou perceivst, which makes thy love more strong To love that well, which thou must leave ere long. -- Sonnet 73