Death Penalty and the Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death Penalty and the Adolescents - Essay Example They argued that the death penalty was needlessly cruel, overrated as a deterrent, and occasionally imposed in fatal error. Along with Quaker leaders and other social reformers, they defended life imprisonment as a more rational alternative. Countries such as Venezuela and Portugal were the first nations to abolish the death penalty altogether (http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/thoughts.html, 2004).1.) Incapacitation of the criminal - Capital punishment permanently removes the worst criminals from society and should prove much cheaper and safer for the rest of us than long term or permanent incarceration. It is self evident that dead criminals cannot commit any further crimes, either within prison or after escaping or being released from it 2.) Cost - Money is not an inexhaustible commodity and the state may very well better spend our (limited) resources on the old, the young and the sick rather than the long term imprisonment of murderers, rapists etc.3.) Vengeance or retribution - Execution is a very real punishment rather than some form of "rehabilitative" treatment, the criminal is made to suffer in proportion to the offence. Although whether there is a place in a modern society for the old fashioned principal of "lex talens" (an eye for an eye) is a matter of personal opinion 4.) Deterrence - There are numerous and great examples that in those countries (e.g. Singapore), which almost always carry out death sentences there is generally far less serious crime. This tends to indicate that the death penalty is a deterrent, but only where execution is an absolute certainty Death penalty has been banned in many countries. In the United States, an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment has now been reversed and more and more states are resorting to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder (http://www.duhaime.org/dictionary/dict-c.htm, 2004). The arguments for and against death penalty started with the legal issues concerning the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on Furman vs. Georgia case. During this trial it has been argued that capital punishment is a law that is evidently "arbitrary and capricious." Racial bias is one of the strongest arguments for the 'arbitrariness' of death penalty (http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/death/history.html, 2006).

Organizations And Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizations And Behavior Essay Introduction Management is an important activity in the performance of an organization.   Management involves integrated activities which together ensue that there is effective planning, control, and organization of recourses to lead the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. This means that managers need to have a wide range of information pertaining to different  Ã‚   departments in the organization. In this paper we are going to discus different management perspectives through accomplishment of different tasks.   The paper will look into organization structure can culture, motivation of employees, working with others in teams and groups, and organization leadership and management. Task 1 Comparing organization structure and culture of McDonalds and King George Pizza in Canada The fast food is one of the most competitive industries in the world.   The fast food industry has been recording higher rates of growth in North America including U.S and Canada than any other part of the world. MacDonald is a major player in the North American fast food industry while King George Pizza is one of small fast food establishment in British Columbia. Although the two companies operate in the same industry, there are a lot of similarity and differences in the organization structure and culture. This is based on the difference that comes as result of difference in their operation. McDonald organization structure is based on the size of its operation  Ã‚   which means that the structure has to adapt to the franchise nature of its operation (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92). On the other hand, King Georges Pizza is a local restaurant operating just one branch in British Columbia. The culture between the two organization is also similar and at the same time with some differences. One of the key successes of MacDonald in the fast food industry has been its strong customer oriented culture. McDonald has adopted a market oriented culture which ensures that the company understands its consumers very well.   On the other hand, King George Pizza has also adopted a market oriented culture but its marketing activities have not been well targeted to the consumers like those of McDonalds. Due to its larger size of operation, MacDonald has adopted a bureaucratic structure that allows for standardization of its operations. The company has adopted tall structure in order to provide for standardization of operations and decision making process. On the hand, King George Pizza has adopted a pre-bureaucratic structure which lacks standardization with management strategies meant to meet the operational needs of the small establishment. The success of McDonalds has been cemented on it culture and organization structure. Since it was established, the company has taken consumer oriented hospitality culture that keeps customers coming for more.   McDonald is one of the companies which use a huge part of their revenues on customer service and advertisement in order to create good relationship with its customers. Apart from the customer oriented culture, the leadership of the company is democratic and ensures inclusion of employees in the decision making process.   The company takes its employees as the most important capital asset  Ã‚   for its growth.   Therefore McDonald employees are well motivated.   The structure of the organization has ensured standardized operations in all its establishments. Although there is management control from the head office, the franchises are given freedom in decision making process to make decisions which fits their operation (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92). On the other hand, the King George Pizza has adopted an organization culture and structure that fits its operation. Like MacDonald, the company has a strong consumer oriented culture and although it does not have a customer service department, the employees have been well trained on customer service.   This has ensured the continued flow of customer to the small establishment in a competitive fast food market. At the same time, the company has adopted the right structure for its small operations. This structure ensures that there is strong control of the operation of the establishment by the management. Task 2 – Approaches to Management and Leadership Management approaches and how they can be implemented Management is one of the most important factions in the organization. Management involves playing key roles of planning and organizing the resources for the organization to lead it to achieve the set goals. Research has documented a correlation between the effectiveness of the management and the overall performance of the organization. There are different approaches to management depending on the kind of organization that one is dealing with (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92).  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most common approaches to management is the project management.   This approach ahs been used for decades although it has been undergoing several changes in the recent past. Under this approach, the management takes the organization as a project that has specific goals and objectives to achieve. Therefore the guiding principle in the management is the requirements of the project and the fulfillment of the mission needs of the organization. This approach therefore assumes that the organization runs in cycles like a project and in each cycle, there are specific objectives that have to be leading the achievement of the overall goal.   However, this approach is  Ã‚   more focused on the technical mission or the technical aspects of the projection and various plans of action  Ã‚   and milestones to be achieved are the guiding pillars for the organization. Under this approach, the management takes into consideration activities like team building, budgeting, tracking the tasks as assigned to different individuals in the organization, reviewing individual performance, and many others. The success of the project or the organization is based on the way it meets its deliverables on the stipulated time and the set budget. This means that this approach is a bit rigid and set to details. To implement this approach, the management has to understand the goals and objectives of the organization and then formulate the necessary plan that will lead the organization to achieve the set goals and objectives. Another common management approach is the Balanced score card approach. This is a strategic planning and management system which is widely used in business, government, non-profit organization, and in other organizations with an aim of aligning the acclivities of the business with the vision and the overall growth strategy.   This approach is also aimed at improving the internal and external communications and toe monitor the progress in the performance of the organization in light of the set goals. This management approach is also focused on the drivers for the future growth and performance of the organization.   To achieve this, the management prioritizes the projects or initiatives which are likely to assist the organization to achieve these goals.   In order to implement this approach, the management has to view organization from four different perspectives including the learning and growth perspective, the business process perspective, the customer perspective, and financial perspective (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92). Operational change As the U.S economy recede, most companies have been forced to undergo operations changes which are meant to reduce the cost of operation to align with the changing economic condition. The U.S Automotive industry which is on its knees due to threats of bankruptcy has seen a number of players in the industry under various operational changes in order to reduce the cost of operation. With the large burden of meeting the high labor cost, General Motors is one of the companies which as restructured its operation in a number of ways in order to cut its cost. Although the changes have emanated from the economical factors which may be beyond the control of the company, it has result to massive layoff and closing down of its plants in order to reduce the cost of operation. However, this has not gone well with UAW which is the trade union representing automotive workers in the US. The issues for confrontation has been the agreement that were made earlier between the company and the worker and even in the current financial crisis, the UAW has refused to let the deal go. Apparently the company could have retained some of the labor force and lowered the rate of pay per hour. At this time we can say the company is in a crisis. Managing change during a crisis is one of the most difficult tasks for any organization. At the time of crisis the organization needs to have a strong leadership style that does not compromise on the need to bring the organization back to its feet. Therefore authoritative leadership should be used to manage the current restructuring taking place in Ford General Motors. Authoritative leadership would minimize the number of time the management ha s to engage with the employees and the unions since the union has failed to recognize the current financial situation of the company. Task 3 – Motivational Theories In the 20th century management, the organizational assets were the most important capital for an organization. However, this has drastically changed in the 21st century and employees have become the most important capital for any organization. A well motivated workforce  Ã‚   can help an organization to have a competitive edge in the market which other organizations may find difficult to replicate.  Ã‚   One of the most important factors in human resource management is to ensure the overall satisfaction of the employees.  Ã‚   The main duty of human resource management is to ensure that employees are represented in the management and their affairs are taken care of. Motivation of the employees is one of the human resource practices that have been shown to increase employee satisfaction and therefore low rate of employee turnover and higher retention. Different organizations have taken different approaches to employee motivation (Weightman 2008, p. 45).   Research has documented that  Ã‚   despite the varied methods of employees motivation, monetary incentives remains the most effective.   Employee motivation can be described using behavioral and social approach. According to the behavioral approach, the management needs to have a clear understanding of the employees including the incentives and rewards that are used to motivate employees in the company.   In this case the managers have a duty of identifying the specific behavior that need to be reinforced in employees. These may include outstanding performance of the employee, punctuality, neatness, accuracy in completion of tasks and others. Any employee who shows improvements in these behaviors need to be rewarded to reinforce the development of those positive behaviors. On the other hand, social approaches include the integration of the cognitive and the behavioral aspects.   This theory view motivation as a factor produced by two forces including the expectation of the individual to succeed at work and the need to gain vicarious experience. Once the management recognizes the individual expectations, then they should provide the approach environment that will help the individual employee to achieve these. According the Maslow hierarchy of needs, we have different needs in our life that has to be fulfilled. The Maslow hierarchy therefore assumes that there are those basic needs that have to be met for the employees to the motivated.   The Maslow hierarchy of needs can be used to categorize how employees have different needs that have to be met for them to be motivated (Weightman 2008, p. 45).   .   The Maslow hierarchy theory starts with the basic needs up to social need. At the bottom there is physiological needs, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization a the top This means that it is important to recognize the specific needs of the employee that has to be met first according their hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, there are some basic needs that have to be met and in our life, we struggle to meet these needs. This means that our quest in life is to climb up the Maslow hierarchy to meet these needs.   Therefore if such needs are not satisfied, then individual motivation will arise from to satisfy them.   In line with fulfillment of these needs, a business therefore needs to offer different incentives to the workers in order to fulfill the different need as they progress up the ladder. Another theory of motivation is the two factor theory of Hertzberg.   Also known as hygiene theory,  Ã‚   it emphasizes more on the factors in the working environment which causes satisfaction and dissatisfaction.   The following table lists the top six factors which cause dissatisfaction and the top six factors causing satisfaction. Factors leading to dissatisfaction Leading to satisfaction Company policy Achievement Supervision Recognition Relationship with the boss Work itself Work conditions Responsibility Salary Advancement Relationship with peers Growth Like Maslow, Hertzberg reasoned that there are different individual needs which can be satisfied by money while there are others which cannot be satisfied by money. He argued that physiological needs or basic needs should be satisfied first while the other physiological needs should be satisfied later (Weightman 2008, p. 45).   . The implications of Hertzberg theory assert that the management should not only meet the hygiene factor to avoid the dissatisfaction of employees but they must also provide other factors which intrinsic to work in order to have satisfied employees. For example IBM, which is one of the most prosperous ICT companies in the world, has taken various strategies including flexible working schedules, pay per performance, and others in order to motivate their employees. The company takes an order from a client and allocates it to the worker who then works closely with the client to ensure that they meet all the technological challenges given by the client. Task 4 – Working with others, teamwork, groups and group dynamics Difference between teams and groups In many instances, we tend to use the work group and team interchangeably. However there are many differences between a tem and a group in the real application of the two.   In management we usually stress the importance of team building and not group building. This is because the strength of a team depends on the common purpose and the connectivity of the individual members. On the other hand, the strength of a group come the volume or the willingness to carry out the command given by the leader. In real application, it is very easy to form a group rather than a team. A group can be formed   by individuals of different   types and background but eventually it will be very difficult to achieve the commonality between the group members.   It is very difficult to build consensus in a group for a leader that it is in a team.   Unlike a group which is simple to form, a team is quite difficult to form.    The members of a team are not selected on the ground of commonality but on the ground of compatibility in different  Ã‚   complementary skills. For example a business team can be made up of an accountant, a salesman, secretary, and others.   Every member plays a different role but which are integrated to achieve a common goal. Unlike in a group, there is no room for conflicts in a team. The role of teams in a small and a big organization differs in some aspects although all the teams have the same role of achieving a set goal. However, teams in a small organization may be easier to form and evaluate and their process of work may be simpler due to the size of their operation. On the other hand, teams in a larger organization may take time to form since all members have to be consulted. Their process of work may be a bit difficult since they have a large operation to cover. Application of Tuckman and Jensen team development model Tuckman and Jensen present us with four stages which define group development.   Although the process can be subconscious, the four stages present the process which all groups go through in their formation. The first stage is the forming stage in which the individual behavior is defined by the desire to be accepted by other members of the team (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61).   At this stage, serious issues, feelings, controversy, or conflict are usually avoided.   The individuals get more focused on adapting to their roles and gather information about others. The next stage is storming stage in which the group remains good to the other only when important issues are addressed.   There are minor confrontations which are dealt with or are ignored. These conflicts are related to work or relationship in the group.   The next stage is the norming stage in which the rules of engagement for the group member are established. At this stage, members understands the other well and the experience the efforts and experience of the other. However, individuals at this stage are resistance to change especially from outside for fear of group break up (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61). The last stage is the performing stage which not many groups usually reach this stage.   This stage is characterized by interdependence and flexibility and every group member understand their role and trust each other. The group identity, loyalty and the performance are high as members become task oriented. How communication methods can affect team performance in a large multi national organization. Communication is one of the most important factors for optimum performance of an organization.   The communication process helps the organizations to pass important operation details from one department to the other. The communication structure in an organization is also very important since determines the flow of information from the management to the employees.   The  Ã‚   communication structure in an organization should ensure the smooth flow of information between the dyad in the work place. However, communication methods can affect team performance in multinational organizations. In most multinational organizations, the teams may be allocated to a certain function far away from the managements of the organization. This means that the team may be faced with the difficulty of enquiring important details regarding their duties from the management. At the same time, there is a high likelihood that the team will be made up of individuals using different languages. This means that the team will require an interpreter for it to function effectively (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61). While forming teams for multinational organizations, language barrier should be one of the most important factors to consider. Bibligraphy: Haas, R.W. Wotruba, T.R 2003, Management: Concepts, Practice and Cases, Texas: Business Publications, Inc McGrath, J. E., Tschan, F 2004, Temporal matters in social psychology: Examining the role of time in the lives of groups and individuals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Weightman, J 2008, The Employee Motivation Audit, Cambridge Strategy Publications

Impact of Gender on Communication Essay -- Gender Roles

Throughout human history gender has had a significant, if not the most significant, role in human life. It is clearly a fork in the road at birth that will determine many things you will barely ever have any control over. What you wear, what you eat, what you do; all is directly influenced all throughout your life based on your gender. These â€Å"gender-roles† have been long assigned without personal say, or even our parents say. In fact, it stems from almost pre-historic times to the beginning of our evolutionary chain. Regardless of more current acts that have meshed these rolls together, I think it is obvious to say we will always look at a man and women differently. It only seems logical that they two will also communicate very differently, which they do. Now we all have expectations of what the roles of each gender are. We all have an idea in our head about what the â€Å"real American man† is. He should boast a confidence that he is the main competitor. He can probably accomplish any task almost entirely on his own, and always does it better than anyone else. A male child is raised to aspire to have these qualities, therefore striving to display them in almost everything they do. Almost every â€Å"boy activity† revolves around some type of competition, always one versus the other. This ranges from recreational sports, like soccer and football, to silly games boy play on their own, like cops and robbers. Growing up in a highly competitive environment leads to standard characteristics we say amongst adolescents to young men. Men tend to be honest, direct, and factual. This leads to a communication environment where the main goal is to exchange information in order to solve a problem. This is where women will fi... ...any corporate cultures would even consider this innovative, and very effective. You are seeing more rising female executives and more stay at home dads than any other generation. Mainly, because now it is not out of the norm, and genders are encouraged to explore all opportunities. Not just those historically restricted to their gender. Obviously these gender roles are almost impossible to escape, but our society has shown great growth in regards to social equality. We have grown able to mesh the polar opposites together, and possibly have more robust communication now than ever before in history. We definitely are born and bred to have certain traits, but more than ever before we have more choices to actually satisfy what we ourselves want. The home is no longer a definitive place for women, and the executive office no longer a private lounge for men.

Kohler Terminal Value

Both approaches (used to come up with the value of the Kohler Company) are greatly impacted by the assumptions made by both the company and the dissenting shareholders. The use of the Market approach has shown that the value of the company varies greatly depending on the comparable companies. If Masco (which is the largest comparable company) is included, the value goes to nearly $3.7 B and excluding it causes the value to go down to $1.2 B. Moreover, depending of the discount for lack of liquidity and control, the value of the company could decrease considerably. Then, in the market approach there are two variables that affect the value of the company; comparable peers and the discount for lack of liquidity and control. In the Free Cash Flow (FCF) approach, the two variables that makes the value diverge is the Beta and the discount (liquidity and control) used. In this specific scenario the Beta impacts the WACC considerably due to the high weight of the cost of equity. For example, a difference of 4 points in the WACC raises the value of the company more than 150% [Table 7]. It is interesting to see that in order to arrive at Kohler’s initial valuation of $58K per share; a 65% discount is needed in both valuation approaches. Also, Masco’s exclusion is required under the Market approach while the high Beta is required under the FCC approach. The factor created by the division of standard deviations of industry peers and the deviations from different markets increases or decreases Beta considerably. (More details about this factor are discussed later in the paper.) Conversely, according to the dissenting shareholders, in order to arrive at $273K per share a 0 % discount and the inclusion of Masco and low Beta is needed. In the settlement, Kohler may use two simple methods to resolve the claim. The first would be a Weight Adjusted Value method, which consists of taking the weighted average of the proposed settlement values times the confidence level. The second method is to calculate the book value of the company using the formula (Assets- Liabilities)/ # of shares (Intangibles are not excluded). The results of these two methods indicate that The Kohler Company should be indifferent between going to trial and settling for $120K per share. Finally, the suggested settlement price should be adjusted to reflect the possibility of an increased tax liability Kohler may have with the IRS. Using a weighted average, the new settlement price is around $150K per share. Company Overview Kohler is a recognized international manufacturer of plumbing products, home furnishings, generators and engines. It also owns and operates hospitality and real estate Businesses. Kohler has been a private company, predominantly owned by the Kohler family since its founding in 1887. Market Approach Because Kohler is privately held the market value needs to be ascertained by the implied value determined by using a multiples approach based on the trading value of Kohler’s comparable industry peers. Table 1 shows the relevant multiples for Kohler’s peer group. Depending on what multiples are used to value Kohler the estimation varies considerably. Table 2 demonstrates the range of these values. If Masco, with it’s generally high multiples, is excluded from the analysis the valuation would be roughly $1.2B. On the other extreme if Kohler’s value is based on Masco’s benchmark, the value leaps to nearly $3.7B. A strict average of the peer group would yield a value of $1.6B. Our best guess of value is closer to $2B based on the peer average being averaged with Masco’s profitability multiples as we feel that the fundamentals of Kohler and Masco are closely matched. These estimates do not include any discounts for the lack of liquidity or control that the shares are characterized by. Table 3 shows the value per share given a $2B market value and various discounts applied. Â   Based on the market multiples approach it appears that Kohler takes a much more conservative approach to not only valuation but to the discounts that should be applied to the stock given his relative illiquidity and lack of controlling stake in the enterprise. From their prospective the value is the historically modest dividend and the long range growth of the business. Given their approximation of a share price of $54,000 that would suggest they excluded Masco as an outlier if they used a multiples approach and they used a discount of nearly 65% on the value of the shares to address their limitations noted previously. This would yield a value of roughly $58,000 per share. The dissenting Kohler shareholders, many of whom acquired shares for north of $100,000 each, have a vested interest in a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be talking one of two approaches in arriving to their $273,000 value per share. The first is that they could also assume a market value of roughly $2B for Kohler, and not acknowledge any need to discount the shares. This would yield an estimate of $274,100 per share. The other approach could be that this estimate was derived from the multiples values using Masco as a fellow industry leader with higher margin products and strong differentiation and acknowledging the need to discount the share value for lack of liquidity and control. Based on the Masco benchmark and a 25% discount the value would be roughly $279,000 per share. Free Cash Flow Approach Kohler’s Free Cash Flow (FCF) model is developed using the Non-Cash Working Capital Approach, a correlated Beta and an EBITA that excludes both interest income and expense. The Non-Cash Working Capital is used because of the consistency each year in Kohler’s forecasted working capital. [Table 4] Secondly, in order to make the FCF model more accurate, a correlation between the company financials and its main competitors is used. Table 5 displays this correlation. The correlation is then multiplied by a factor which is defined by the division of the standard deviation of Kohler’s competitor and the standard deviation of the market (US Equity Market). Lastly, an average of each of these factors is performed and the Kohler’s Beta is found. [Table 5] The Beta in this case significantly affects the Weight Average Cost of Capital (WACC) since the weight of Kohler’s cost of equity is about 82% and the remaining 18 % tied to the cost of debt [Table 6]. The calculated WACC using this beta is 14.19%. If Beta is calculated using a different standard deviation, other than the US Equity Market, the results will vary drastically. For example, using a standard deviation of a highly correlated distribution of stocks that includes 3 kitchen & bath companies and 3 engine & generator companies, the Beta will decrease from 2.67 to 1.52. Then, the new WACC would be 10.40%[Table 5]. Just this difference in Beta would make the per share value of the stock go from $164K to $251K with 0 discount (due to the lack of control and liquidity), and from $ 57K to $ 88K with 65 % discount [Table 7]. Kohler is most likely using a relatively high WACC and high discount to come up with a $58K value per share. As it is shown in Table 8, using a WACC of 14.19% and a discount of 65% for liquidity and control of the stock arrives at $57K per share. On the other hand, the dissenting Kohler shareholders have probably used a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be using a WACC close to 10% and not discount (liquidity and/or control) or a WACC of 8% and 30% discount to arrive at their $273,000 value per share.

Outine Presentation Essay

Introduction I. According to a report by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations, India has the highest population of illiterate adults at 287 millions amounting to 37% of the global total. II. By using of some my research, I would like to share with all of you the topic that I interest which is the facts of illiteracy. III. Today, I would like to focus on three interrelated issues which are causes, effects, and prevention of illiteracy. (Transition: Now, let’s start by taking a closer look at the problem) Body I. There are several different causes as to why illiteracy is such a problem in certain countries. A. About 29.8% of our population lies below the National Poverty Line which indicates they are do not have access to basic requirements of essential commodities including food and water. 1. Education is one of the luxuries that they cannot afford. 2. Mostly, majority of population in countries suffer from high percentage of illiteracy comes from poor people. 3. They will let their children to escape from school and go to labour for work to collect money and help them in life costs. B. Individual disabilities are person who has physical or mental conditions that do not allow them to educate themselves easily. 1. For example, a dyslexic child will find it hard to remember the letters of the alphabet and to interpret it. 2. A blind child also difficult for them to read without assistance. (Transition: Now, ladies and gentlemen I will explain my next point) II. Illiteracy has given some effects towards countries and people involved. A. These can make the countries develop slowly. 1. As a result of illiteracy, people find it so difficult to have a job without the ability of reading or understanding simple documents. 2. Therefore, the illiterates become a burden of society causes to make the nation poorer. B. Illiteracy also effects on people in the society. 1. Illiterate parents cannot get good jobs to support their family and this  will turn affects their lifestyle and their needs. 2. This also will lead to their children where their children get many of parents’ views and ideas to survive. 3. If parents do not feel that education is an important of success, these feelings will be carried over to their children. (Transition: As causes and effects of illiteracy, I will continue to discuss about how to prevent illiteracy) III. We have to cooperate to clear this problem which is holding back. A. Parents play important roles to educate their children. 1. According to Kerka, 2003 learning styles, learning disabilities and life experience may all contribute to low academic achievement or problem behavior. 2. Parents need to educate their children at an early age, so their children do not fall behind in recognizing letters and words. B. Opening new modern training centers. 1. As we know, it is difficult for persons in their 40s to 60s to use the same educational method as used for children. 2. It is also to help individual disabilities to educate further. 3. By using technology and modern education theories helps everyone inside educational progress. Conclusion I. As we see, illiteracy is a social evil that shall encircle our country in darkness and downfall if not curbed. II. As you know, I have focused on causes, effects, and prevention of illiteracy. III. What I have mentioned before about Kajani should be take strict action to make sure they can be an educated person. IV. It is also to make sure the statics I tell before can be release.

Community of Practice

Community of Practice Introduction Man is a social being thriving from human interaction. Human beings come together for the purpose of achieving common goals and practices. These common interests may include passion, experience, dreams and desires. A group of singers and instrumentalists come together because of their interest to form a band. Business persons may come together to form a cooperative society or a company.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Community of Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wenger, (2006) describes Community of practice as a group of people who constantly interact while sharing passion for what they do. These people share concern for what they are interested in and always find ways of doing it better as they move on. It should however be noted that the description of community of practice does not apply to a group of people who are together because of circumstances. People working in the same company or office and people living together in an estate are referred to as a community, but not community of practice. An organization is structured and managed to achieve a collective purpose. The relationship between activities in the organization depends on the management structure. Characteristics of Community practice The description above presents three characteristics of the community of practice: Domain: Example of workmates clearly indicates that community of practice is not a club or a network of people coming together or grouped together. Community practice is characterized by a domain of interest that binds members of that community together on the basis of specific competences that identify them. However, domain should not be confused with expertise. A clear example is a football coach who is part of a team but does not play for the team, or a band manager who manages and identifies himself with a band but does not play in it. Community of practice members enjoy values and le arn from each other. The general public sees them as professionals and enjoys their expertise.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communal being: As members of community of practice engage in their domain, they live as brothers and sisters. They engage in different activities, help each other and always lead discussions. Constant communication is paramount to their existence. This communication is a key factor in holding meetings. Community of practice members relate cordially to each other and always have the opportunity to learn from other members of the community. Practice: The members of community of practice have a lot to share. They share resources, tools and recurring problems. They always come up with new ideas. These new ideas require shared resources. The community put resources together in form of tools, money experience and knowledge. They practice using these resources to achieve their goals. This practice is usually self conscious. Nature of Community Practice Problem Solving: This nature enables the group to work together by brainstorming ideas. Effective communication plays a great role in ensuring that challenges are well managed. Members consult one another in the areas of difficulty. Experience: Members of community of practice find out whether one has experience in handling a situation or a challenge. For example, if business members have a cooperative society and would like to market it, a member with experience in marketing will be appointed to the position. A member with public relation skills is likely to be appointed as the public relation officer. Asset reusing: Members of a community group will cut down on the expenses by modifying ways of handling the situation. The best way to handle this is to put the resources of all members together. The assets could be in form of human resources that include people they once ser ved. Material asset consists of what members posses such as computers, property and vehicles. A member can give space in one of his buildings to be an office of the community. Another one can offer his car to assist in logistics. The sense of belonging is a driving factor to this kind of arrangement and participation.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Community of Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coordination: Community of practice capitalizes on combined efforts to achieve more at a minimal cost. They have a well coordinated network which helps in achieving its goals. Coordination helps the community of practice members get discounts, for instance, school teachers can come together to solicit for funds to buy a large territory of land to establish their own school. Buying a large track of land in bulk is cheaper because it is bought at a discounted rate. Development oriented: Community practice members are always engaged in discussions to look into ways which can help them make progress in their endeavors. New ideas are always brought on the table for discussions for members to brainstorm. All strategies are put down for analysis to evaluate whether the risks involved are worth taking for the benefit of the community. Visitation: Community of practice is characterized by visitation. Members visit each other on a regular basis to consult, get some encouragement, or brainstorm about some issue and get an advice. The visitation can be planned or unplanned. Members always check with their diaries to find appropriate time for meetings. Networking: Members of community of practice know the strength of each individual member. This strength is emphasized on to fill the missing gaps. Members network with other communities sharing the same ideologies and spirit. How community of practice develop Cambridge, Kaplan and Silter, 2005, stated that that community of practice has a life cycle. The y emerge, grow and develop into a whole community. Initially, community of practice exists as only ideas in peoples minds. These ideas are in form of wishes, dreams, desires and goals. The desires and goals prompt people to share; through this sharing, the ideas are put into practice and a group is born to implement them. The development of community practice occurs in phases. Each design has a facilitation and strategy which enable it to move to the next level. The life cycle of a community practice is described below:Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inquiries: The initial phase of community strategy is inquiries. People have ideas, dreams and constantly inquire about discussions, surveys, interviews and assessments to identify who belongs to the community. The inquiries reveal who the sponsors and stakeholders of the community are. This phase is important because it identifies the goals and the outcome of the group. Mission and vision statements are designed at this stage. Estimates of cost are created. Recruitment is also done at this stage. Design: This is the phase that defines activities and all the enabling mechanisms that can make a community of practice move forward. It involves creating activities that will generate energy for the group. The phase is important as it defines and identifies the tasks that a community of practice will carry out. Active communication, interaction, learning and collaboration are well defined at this stage. Face to face meetings are common and deadlines are always set to ensure that the goals are well achieved. Pilot phase. Having identified the ways and modes of achieving the stated goals, community of practice will carry out a pilot programme. This is done by staging short term goals that help the community to orient itself. At this stage, the community members sort out brand image, domain and mode of operation. The goals are meant to test the viability of the community. Examples include a newly formed band staging, free concerts at schools, churches and local community, or a football team holding friendly matches with already established teams. Launch: Once the prototype phase is completed, the group gains wide coverage and confidence to reach a wider community. The stage is characterized by the maturity and experience of members handling issues of the community. Experience gained at the pilot phase is actively used to improve the areas of weakness. Charters are developed at this stage and all members are actively involved. Missions, objectives and agreements are cle arly stated as communication and marketing plans are well designed. New members are brought on board and Calendar of events is published at this stage. Growth: At this stage, the community of practice is fully developed. This is a period that involves active participation of members to ensure that the group reaches its maximum stage. Continuous communication still exists. Members are assigned to other sub groups to support the upcoming activities. Opportunities and sponsorship are well defined. Members are rewarded for their contributions. Sustain: It is the highest level in the life span of the community of practice. It is a stage which involves the developing processes and policies for reaping the fruits of the community of practice. Members identify opportunities for gaining new skills and ideas which can bring new life in a community. The group comes up with new ways of ensuring that the community of practice is still relevant. New products, skills and learning processes are cre ated to form new strategies for the community. This stage is usually characterized by rebranding. Change of names is done at this stage for the community to remain relevant.

28 Argumentative Essay Topics on AIDS Prevention Organization

28 Argumentative Essay Topics on AIDS Prevention Organization If you are tasked with writing an argumentative essay on AIDS prevention organizations, your goal by the end of your argumentative work is to convince the other side that the evidence you presented adequately supports your thesis, or that the evidence presented by the opposing side is false or insufficient. Some writers prefer explaining the flaws in the opposition while others prefer presenting evidence enough to not just disprove the opposition, but to prove their side in things. When writing on such a topic, you have to first select certain facts that support whatever claim you make. Below you will find a list of facts that might help you support your claims: Since the year 2000, over thirty eight million people have been infected with HIV. Since the year 2000, twenty five million people have passed away due to AIDS-related illnesses. Around the world AIDS remains one of the top three leading causes of death. Around the world AIDS remains the leading cause of death for women who are of reproductive age in lower income countries and middle income countries. Out of the total number of people who are living with AIDS today, roughly nineteen million of them do not realize they are HIV positive or have AIDS which roughly equates to one out of every two people who have HIV not knowing they have it and therefore not seeking out treatment. Right now roughly fifteen million people are getting treatment for HIV around the world. Right now 8.1 million of the people getting treatment for HIV are doing so through a program supported by the group Global Fund. AIDS no longer results in death as the only final option today, and in fact, with proper medication those with HIV can live the same length of time as someone without. Today HIV treatment consists of what are called antiretrovirals, or AVR’s which stop the virus from replicating inside of an infected individual and also helps to prevent the breakdown of the body’s immune system. Antiretrovirals, or AVR’s help to prevent the transmission of HIV in someone who is infected. An infected individual taking antiretrovirals, or AVR’s can reduce the likelihood of transmitting HIV by ninety seven percent. HIV can spread through the transfusion of blood which is infected. HIV can spread through sharing of infected needles which have been exposed to infected blood. HIV can spread through the exchange of all bodily fluids such as sex. HIV can spread from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy and/or birth. Prevention strategies for HIV have reduced the rate of infection around the world by thirty five percent since the year 2000 alone. The most impactful and effective prevention tool is the prevention of HIV spreading from mother to child during pregnancy and child birth which is done with antenatal care, HIV testing, ARV’s as necessary, and support after birth. Harm reduction services for those who inject drugs is a useful prevention tool for HIV. Distributing condoms to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS is a viable tool for prevention. AIDS prevention strategies must be rooted in a human-rights approach in order to meet with the needs in key demographics. Data over the last decade rating to HIV has become focused on key demographics beyond men who have sex with other men and on sex workers, migrants, prisoners, youths, and those who inject drugs. The populations who are at the highest risk for the transference of HIV/AIDS are the people who have the highest discrimination and lack of available health services within a reasonable distance. Some organizations such as the Global Fund offer treatment and medication free of charge. Discussions about sex and the disease itself are the first steps to prevention, treatment, and care. The encouragement of behavioral changes such as reducing the number of sexual partners can be useful in prevention. Increasing the use of condoms will reduce the spread of AIDS. Delaying the age at which sexual activity begins can be used to reduce the spread of AIDS. Rates of infection in girls between the age of 15 and 24 are double compared to the rates of infection for men of the same age. It is important to note that there is often fear and prejudice in any frank discussion or argument revolving around AIDS. There remains a strong stigma surrounding not only the disease itself but those people who are living with it. It is a result of this stigma that many people lack any basic knowledge about it and why the rate of infected who are unaware of their infection remains so high. Even if people have access to the information about the disease, they are often reticent to get a test officially because of fear, stigmas, and discrimination. Other forms of discrimination can also result in people not receiving access to the health services they need which results not only in a lack of treatment but in the continual spread of the disease. Refusing to acknowledge or write about the facts, no matter how unpleasant, will only perpetuate the prejudice and death. Overall, remember that these are merely facts which you can use as evidence to substantiate your argument. If you have troubles making up topics for your AIDS prevention essay, use ours that are prepared for you. You want to avoid using facts that you have twisted to support your claims and should instead rely only upon accurate information relevant to your topic. In some cases you might find a plethora of items you want to include, but if space or word limits are an issue, be sure to only rely upon those items which are the most relevant. The references included at the end are not only the sources from which these facts originate, but serve as viable resources for additional material, data, and perspectives for potential argumentative essays on AIDS prevention organization. Moreover, you can use our guide on writing an excellent argumentative essay and youll not be disappointed. References: AIDS 2012. AIDS 2012 Home.  AIDS 2012 Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. AIDS Crusades.  Uberpreneurs  (2013): n. pag. Web. Cherkerzian, Diane. Ray Carney Hacks Up Hollywood.  The Revolution Is Within. N.p., 06 Oct. 2009. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. Mayaud, P. et al. 1997. â€Å"STD rapid assessment in Rwandan refugee camps in Tanzania,† Genitourinary Medicine 73(1) International AIDS Society. Towards an HIV Cure.  Towards an HIV Cure. International AIDS Society, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Office of National AIDS Policy. Office of National AIDS Policy.  The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Stratton, Stephen E., and Sarah Watstein.  The Encyclopedia of HIV and AIDS. New York: Facts On File, 2012. Print.

Best Part-Time Jobs for Moms in 2018

Best Part-Time Jobs for Moms in 2018 If you’re a parent, you already know you’ve got one of the best jobs around, with highly demanding (but adorable) bosses. But if you’re also in the market for a paying gig that balances with your mom life, there are lots of great options out there for you that don’t involve a cubicle and a 9-to-5 weekday grind. Flexible and part-time jobs are great because they give you more power over your own schedule, and can really help balance your home needs with your professional ones. We’ve compiled a ton of resources for you to explore as you start down the path of finding a part-time job that lets you work and earn money while still leaving time to concentrate much of your week on parenting.First, Prepare YourselfOnce you’ve zeroed in on the job(s) you want, make sure you have your job application package in order. You’re ready to take the plunge into the part-time working world- make sure your toolbox is stacked with all you need to conquer the job application process.6 Part-Time Job Interview Strategies You Must KnowThe Ultimate 6 Step Guide to Resume WritingThen, once you’re all set to apply and get that part-time gig, it’s time to start exploring your options.Jobs Where You Might Not Have to Leave the HouseAs you look for your part-time gig, it’s also important to consider how you want to be working. Are you able to spend some hours away from home? Would you prefer to work at home? If you ideally want to aim for a gig you can do from a home office (or a home laptop on your bed!), there’ are a lot of opportunities out there- you just have to be smart about knowing what’s out there.The good news here is that with so many telecommuting tools online, many jobs can be done from virtually anywhere- especially digital-focused jobs.  It is absolutely possible to sneak in a few hours of work during naptimes or drop-off playdates.Here is some inspiration to get you started.Top 10 Work From Home JobsWhat Are Some Part Time Jobs You Can Do From Home?10 Jobs Where You Can Telecommute and Make a Great SalaryHow to Get a Career Doing Data EntryJump Start Your Career as an Administrative FreelancerWhat Are Some Part-Time Jobs You Can Do From Home?Jobs Where You Can Earn a Lot by the HourParenting is a time-consuming and difficult job. If you’re looking to  supplement your mom gig with another paid job, you ideally want to make the most of your precious time- and that means finding a job where you’re paid well for your work. Take a look at the following, which offer options for jobs that are both part-time  and come with a high rate. The best of both worlds is definitely possible- you just have to know where to look!9 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Very Well10 Highest Paying Part-Time Jobs21 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $20 Per HourShow Me The Money: 8 Good-Paying Part-Time JobsJobs That Let You Enjoy Your Non-Work LifeParenting is lovely and amazing, but we know it’s hard enough as it is (and it’s already an all-consuming full-time gig). Adding an outside job on top of that has the possibility of making you feel overwhelmed and unable to focus on your family, your hobbies, your relaxation, and yourself. Check out some jobs that offer the promise of a nice balance of work, family, and life outside of your many obligations.Top 5 Jobs for Work-Life Balance11 Flexible Jobs for Working ParentsTop 12 High Paying Part-Time Jobs With Good Work-Life BalanceAnd on top of finding a part-time job that leaves time for you to enjoy your life, you also might want to be on the lookout for one that comes with perks. You don’t need to have a full-time, salaried gig in order to enjoy the benefits of the working world. Check out some of the following companies, who are known to reward all employees handsomely.10 Companies With Amazing Benefits for Part-Time EmployeesJobs That Use Your Parenting SkillsAnd don’t be afraid to thi nk outside the box a little. For example, nannying/daycare might seem like a little too much parenting, but it would allow you to spend time with your own children while also earning money. After all, as a parent, you likely already have the kid-wrangling skills that would make you an awesome caregiver for other children as well.How to Become a NannyHow to Write a Perfect Caregiver ResumeJobs Where You Work For YourselfIt might also be time to think about whether you want to start your own business, as a side hustle to your primary priorities. Talk about working on your own terms- these jobs let you design your own schedule and hours. They likely require a lot more energy upfront and all the accountability falls on you, but you are the boss here and you call the shots.Side Hustle: How to Make Money on the Side7 Strategies for Your Side HustleThe Job of Your DreamsFinally, if you’re trying to live the dream (and have a job that will not only be the envy of your peers, but also your kids), there really are jobs that allow you to watch Netflix for a living. Seriously.These Netflix Jobs Will Pay You to Watch MoviesGood luck!

Comparison Of Two Religions - Hinduism And Buddhism Essay

Comparison Of Two Religions - Hinduism And Buddhism - Essay Example Buddhism mostly advocates the use of meditation i.e. Prajna as one of the most important spiritual practices. Hinduism and Buddhism both are practiced today through their Temples and other places of worship. However, there is an increasing acceptance of Buddhist practices in West wherein modern practices are being adapted in the West. Hinduism, however, is being mostly practiced in India and Nepal with relatively increasing acceptance in the West also. For example, Buddhism is mostly associated with the Dalai Lama and most of the spiritual practices actually emerge from his center. Hinduism however, is also practiced in the relatively diverse way with followers visiting temples and performing rituals even within their own homes. Kumbh Mela is also one of the largest gatherings of Hindus for the pilgrimage through which the followers of Hinduism actually perform their rituals. Apart from this, various religious festivals are being performed in Hindu religion. The festivals of Holi, as well as Diwali, are two of the famous religious practices through which Hindus practice their religion. (Rinehart, 2004) Buddhism however, is being practiced through its various schools of thoughts and focuses more on the meditation as the most important way to practice. Important meditations and practices include Vappasana meditation as well as Zen practices. Apart from this, spending a monastic life is also another way to practice the religion wherein monks learn Vinaya- the specific moral code for Monks. (Armstrong, 2001)

Criminal Law involuntary manslaughter; corporate homicide Essay

Criminal Law involuntary manslaughter; corporate homicide - Essay Example Corporate crimes have been and still continue to be in existence in all the organizations across all sectors and yet, until now, there hasnt been any statutory regulation that prohibits companies from indulging in such crimes and holds them accountable for any damage to an individuals life. Until now companies were required by law to pay civil damages in the form of compensation or fines as a gesture of acknowledgement of the loss suffered by the aggrieved party. However, considering the widespread existence of incidences of corporate manslaughter there is an urgent need for law to implement policies and legal restrictions on corporate organizations that act as a deterrent and help in preventing and controlling such crimes to a significant extent. This paper on Criminal law attempts to study, analyze, investigate and discuss various aspects related to corporate homicide and corporate manslaughter in reference to the recent Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act, 2007. Recently, in the U.K. a new act called the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act, 2007 has been passed with an intention of transferring additional liability on the organizations and in turn safeguarding the interests of the society as a whole by preventing and controlling corporate misbehavior. The new bill on Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide, intends to bring companies and other similar corporate bodies in England and Wales under corporate jurisdiction, to be tried and prosecuted for misconduct and negligence towards duties, which leads to a death of any individual working for such organizations, in the same manner as any individual who is charged with criminal offence. The bill once passed would allow the prosecution of corporate entities for breach of health and safety laws in the specified regions1. There has been widespread

Recruiting Retention Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Recruiting Retention - Research Paper Example At the moment, communications is often being required to work with human resources to refine and communicate persuasive employment methods and to attract new talent (Boudreau & Ramstad, 2007). A large number of organizations are also familiar with the need for a clearly articulated and cohesive employment brand to attract applicants. How Organizations Attract Talent As new generations of individuals enter the job market, organizations wonder how best they can attract this novel talent. Compensation alone will not position an organization to compete for new talent. There are a number of innovative ways an organization may use to attract a talented workforce. Organizations may develop a differentiated company brand. A differentiated brand is vital in capturing the interest of top talent. Significant communicators in an organization help to create the characteristics workers value and identify an employee brand that differentiates their organization from other organizations in the marke t (Daniel & Radenbaugh, 2001). Head of communications in some organizations utilize the corporate brand performance assessment to measure worker and future worker views of their brand and recognize prospects to differentiate from rivals. Additionally, by practically enhancing an organization’s distinctive opportunities, culture, and values, potential workers can gain an insight into what it will feel like to work for an organization, and establish if an organization is a right match for them. An organization may also attract talented applicants by articulating the distinctive employment brand. A large number of communicators work with their recruiting counterparts to concisely articulate the organization’s distinctive employment brand or employment value... As new generations of individuals enter the job market, organizations wonder how best they can attract this novel talent. Compensation alone will not position an organization to compete for new talent. There are a number of innovative ways an organization may use to attract a talented workforce. Organizations may develop a differentiated company brand. A differentiated brand is vital in capturing the interest of top talent. Significant communicators in an organization help to create the characteristics workers value and identify an employee brand that differentiates their organization from other organizations in the market (Daniel & Radenbaugh, 2001). Head of communications in some organizations utilize the corporate brand performance assessment to measure worker and future worker views of their brand and recognize prospects to differentiate from rivals. Additionally, by practically enhancing an organization’s distinctive opportunities, culture, and values, potential workers c an gain an insight into what it will feel like to work for an organization, and establish if an organization is a right match for them.An organization may also attract talented applicants by articulating the distinctive employment brand. A large number of communicators work with their recruiting counterparts to concisely articulate the organization’s distinctive employment brand or employment value proposition in the market. In numerous organizations, the articulation of the employment brand is often incomplete.

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Media - Essay Example Table of Contents Thesis Statement 2 Introduction 4 Astonishing Effects of Newspapers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Conclusion 5 References 7 Introduction A newspaper is a type of publication, which offers varied types of valuable news and information regarding varied aspects to its customers. It mainly attempts to offer real news to the viewers, so as to make them well aware about the facts and facets of the entire nation and world. On the basis of which, varied types of decisions are taken by the viewers, so as to improve their well-being, resulting in improvement of the country as well. Other than this, the segment of trade and commerce is resting over the economic conditions of the country. Along with this, the decisions of the buyers and shareholders are also entirely dependent over the daily news, advertised in printed hard copies or online website s. Moreover, all types of trade related decisions are always based upon information - that is accurate, substantial, and appropriate. It proves quite beneficial for those individuals, desiring to invest in varied shares and debentures of different companies (Price Water Cooper, â€Å"Moving into multiple business models†). This helps in fulfillment of the inner desires of the heart of most of the entrepreneurs, i.e. to become rich in a very short period of time. It can be possible only if, an individual or an entrepreneur remains aware and conscious about the facts and information, occurring in everyday life, so as to take the accurate planning’s and decisions. It acts as a mirror for all the viewers, providing a fair image of the entire world. Along with this, it also provides a facility to analyse the opinions of varied popular individuals, acting as an intermediary to exchange different ideas and thoughts. Astonishing Effects of Newspapers Just as the proverb, †˜Time and tide wait for none’, similarly good news also never waits for anyone. So, to remain updated with every sort of information or data, it is extremely essential to keep an eye on the online newspaper sites as well. Moreover, its craze increased with a remarkable speed due to the introduction of information technology. It gave an up-thirst to the online websites of newspaper, by enhancing the passion of the viewers over internet. This affected in an optimistic way, augmenting the internal spirits of the enthusiastic and energetic personnel’s to select journalism as their career in future times. Moreover, according to Cole &Harcup, â€Å"newspapers conquer a critical place in human world, acting as a realm of social life† (Cole, P & Harcup, T. â€Å"Newspaper Journalism†). This is because; it offers detail reports about the various places of the world, business opportunities, environment, sports, political scenario and various types of holiday sport s and the economy among others. With the help of this, an individual can attain a complete picture of the entire country, residing in far-away places. Therefore, it might facilitate a country to improve the economic condition of the country as compared to other players of the market. Other only this, it might also facilitate by increasing the number of customers, thereby improving their lifestyle. It is extremely essential for any developed country, to retain and enhance its portfolio day by day, among other countries. Moreover, as most of the

I want to learn about how the staffs in any nursing home deal with the Assignment

I want to learn about how the staffs in any nursing home deal with the senior adults who lost their memory - Assignment Example address the social aspect of care for patients who are in their advance age who has from memory loss that they may be able to interact with them not just as a health care provider but also as a human being that would possibly help the patient recover their memory and make their stay in the nursing home pleasant. Senior adults who suffers from memory loss who are taken cared of at nursing homes are removed from their family and nursing staffs should therefore endeavor to create an atmosphere that resembles the comfort of the patient’s home. After completing the project, it is expected that the nursing staff will not only be proficient and sensitive in taking care of senior citizens who suffers from memory loss but will also be ethical being mindful that those who are housed in the nursing homes are away from their

Personal and Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal and Organizational Ethics - Essay Example Therefore utilitarianism in developing morals seeks to develop an account of moral evaluation and moral direction that expands it. Ferrell & Fraedrich (2010) argues that relativism perspective indicates that ethical behavior is derived from the experiences of individual groups and individuals. Therefore, relativists view themselves or the people around their areas, as their basis for defining ethical standards. These are the guiding principles behind developing morals and ethics that form the personal ethics, which have to be exercised on a personal basis and have to be exhibited in private and in any organization. Personal Morals and ethics Largely, my personal values are more shaped by having a good interaction with others. The values that I hold include viewing each and every one as important and having a purpose either in private life or in the organization. Through these values, I have learned to listen to others with keen interests and offer due diligence to their perspectives. Each and every one has a point of view that can be important, and which if followed would offer a better understanding or aid in performing better in a certain perspective. Through these values, I have managed to relate well with others, and earn respect, honor and many leadership positions that I have excellently found myself in. These have put me in a better place to lead a larger setting such as an organization. Through these values, I have always developed an elaborate code of ethics that have aided in achieving good relations with people. As argued above, the principle of utilitarianism requires that one has to increase the good of action to others or promote the benefit that a certain action has to present. This in addition indicates that we have to abide within strong professional and individual ethics that are related. Velasquez (2008) argues that ethics are the rules in which one has to operate. It is through morals that are derived in my values that the rules of action in ethics are derived and have enabled me to cope harmoniously both on private platform and in an organization setting. Ethics are based on morals in that as Velasquez (2008) argues morals are standards of individual that regard what is good or bad , and in the principle of utilitarianism, a good act has to be advocated, leading to being morally upright and hence ethical in practice. The personal mission is always to act ethically and uphold my esteem in private and in an organization level and value the importance and purpose of others whom we have to have close contact in official and unofficial basis. The vision is to be helpful and create value to the lives of others in the organization through my strategic operations or interaction. This is the roadmap through which I have to achieve the overall growth and development on personal basis and in the organization. Organization’s mission statement The mission of the company is â€Å"to sustain commercial success as a global ma rketing company of branded casual apparel. We must balance goals of superior profitability and return on investment, leadership market positions and superior products and service. We will conduct our business this way and demonstrate leadership in satisfying our responsibilities to our communities and to society. Our work environment will be safe and productive and characterized by fair

I want to learn about how the staffs in any nursing home deal with the Assignment

I want to learn about how the staffs in any nursing home deal with the senior adults who lost their memory - Assignment Example address the social aspect of care for patients who are in their advance age who has from memory loss that they may be able to interact with them not just as a health care provider but also as a human being that would possibly help the patient recover their memory and make their stay in the nursing home pleasant. Senior adults who suffers from memory loss who are taken cared of at nursing homes are removed from their family and nursing staffs should therefore endeavor to create an atmosphere that resembles the comfort of the patient’s home. After completing the project, it is expected that the nursing staff will not only be proficient and sensitive in taking care of senior citizens who suffers from memory loss but will also be ethical being mindful that those who are housed in the nursing homes are away from their

Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women - Essay Example Equality refers to the state where individuals living in a society are free from the discrimination at all the levels. However, the discrimination and its various components are subject to continuous change with respect to time, knowledge, experience and understanding of people. This indicates that things which were acceptable for a particular society few years back might not be appreciable in the current circumstances. Let’s talk about women and their social status which was limited to the domestic work few decades before. Due to this they were substantially facing equality issues. But today the modern human society does not have any place for such differences and women are no longer bounded to the domestic restrictions. Though women have entered into the work force, the employment opportunities are limited for them and consequently they are often subject to employment based discrimination. According to Abella, equality in employment signifies that every individual is given a n equal working opportunity irrespective of all the innate abilities (Abella; Chapter 1: Defining Equality in Employment, 1984). In the contemporary world equality in employment has yet another perspective i.e. employees must be treated as per their differences, because if we are ignoring the individual differences for the sake of equality then as per the arguments of Abella, it is also a form of discrimination. There are basically two types of differences, one which arises due to personal actions and policies such as education, financial status, etc. and other is solely based upon the innate characteristics such as gender, ethnic background or disabilities. The latter one can be accommodated through equality in employment. One of the most significant methods to apply employment equality in a workplace is to remove the individual differences based on gender, disability, ethnicity or race because they do not have any acceptable justification (Abella; Chapter 1: Defining Equality in E mployment, 1984). In this regard Agocs, Burr and Somerset have given several remedies which require the employers to first eradicate the current employment obstacles faced by the disadvantaged groups of the society such as aboriginal people, women and other minorities, who need to have an equal employment opportunity without any difference of treatment. Their innate disabilities and skill deficiencies must be accommodated. The second most crucial remedy is the surety of prevention from future discrimination. Third remedy focuses on the equal distribution of resources among the workforce regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or disability (Agocs, Burr and Somerset; Chapter 1: The State of Art, 1992). The Report of the Royal Commission 1984 has a legislation regarding the equality in employment which considered compulsory employment regulations so as to ensure equal employment opportunity for the disadvantaged groups of the society. In the later part of the second chapter, authors hav e discussed further solutions that can play an important role in the elimination of discrimination and projection of equal employment opportunities. In this regard we first of all require developing a sound understanding of what does inequity means and where does it exist in a workplace. Subsequently we need to remove all the barriers for the disadvantaged groups through employment equity programs. Afterwards we necessitate developing smooth access to the jobs with an additional accommodation program which satisfies the needs and requirements of an intensely diverse workforce. Equal Employment opportunity also requires the employers to maintain an ethical and hospitable internal working environment

Identify the Differences Between a Cash Flow Statement and a Profit and Loss Account Essay Example for Free

Identify the Differences Between a Cash Flow Statement and a Profit and Loss Account Essay There is undoubtedly, a clear difference between what is termed â€Å"cash† and what â€Å"profit† is and by extension a cash flow statement and a profit and loss statements. Notwithstanding these differences, each statement gives a different yet important view of organisational performance. Cash according to Holmes et al 2005:166 is â€Å"cash in hand and deposits repayable on demand less overdrafts repayable on demand; i.e. they can be withdrawn at any time without penalty. Cash includes cash and deposits denominated in foreign currency. † Once, accounts were comprised of just the balance sheet and the profit and loss statements. However in the late 1960’s, a period characterised as a high inflationary period, it was felt that historical costing convention which is indicative of the profit and loss account, provided information that was outdated and as such provided little insight on the current market value of companies and by extensions their profits. Therefore, there became a need for an additional statement- the cash flow statement. â€Å"A cash flow statement is a statement produced either for management or external reporting purposes showing, by broad categories cash receipts and payments in a period† (Leicester, 2001. 10.3), and is intended to supplement the profit and loss account and the balance sheet. The cash flow statement therefore, assists creditors, investors and generally all stakeholders in evaluating the liquidity and solvency of a business or rather, shows changes in cash be it negative or positive i.e. cash outflows and cash inflows. The Cash flow statement is divided into three main sections: 1.Core operations (operating activities) 2.Investing 3.Financing A typical cash flow statement can be seen in Appendix B. Cash flows from operating activities generally include transactions that are associated with the calculation of income. It also includes items which are involved in the production or purchase of merchandise, the sale of good and/or services to the organisation’s customers and expenditure relating to the general administration of a business. Under the broad heading of investing activities, are found important element relating to cash flow in an organisation. These transactions involve making and collecting repayments on loans, purchasing and selling of plant assets and other productive assets. All other investment activities are generally classified under this heading. â€Å"Changes in debt, loans or dividends are accounted for in cash from financing. Changes in cash from financing are ‘cash in’ when capital is raised they’re ‘cash out’ when dividends are paid. Thus if a company issues a bond to the public, the company receives cash financing. However, when interest is paid to bondholders, the company is reducing its cash.† (Heakal, 2004) It is now important that the issue of profit and the profit and loss account be examined. Profit by definition is the excess of revenue over expenditure. Revenues are increases in the company’s assets from its profit-driven activities, resulting in positive cash flows (inflows). Conversely, expenses are decreases in the company’s assets from its profit-driven activities, which results in negative cash flows (outflows). Net income/profit is therefore, the difference between the two. According to Williams et al 2002:54 if a company’s expenditure exceeds income then the difference is a net loss, suggesting that the enterprise has suffered a loss. Alternatively if the company’s income exceeds its expenditure the difference is a net profit. â€Å"The profit and loss account is a financial statement which shows the profit (loss) made by a business during a defined period of time (normally one year). The account also shows the uses to which the profit has been put (or how losses were financed).† (Jewel 1998:327) Sometimes referred to as the revenue account, the profit and loss statement is divided into four parts: 1.How the profit (loss) was earned 2.The expenditure for the period under review 3.How much was taken by taxation 4.What happened to the profit (or loss) that was left after taxation Appendix A shows a typical profit and loss account. It is a truism that a business must make a profit in order to be successful. This is imperative since profits are needed to pay out dividends to shareholders in the case of a company and to reward partners of proprietors in the case of a sole trader or a partnership. Irrespective of the form of business organisation, â€Å"some profits are retained within the business as reserves or as proprietor’s funds, to finance the development and growth of the business† (Leicester 2001, 3.45). Consequently, although a business can experience occasional losses, it is imperative that it be profitable in the long run. A loss signifies that the value of resources used up in a period to generate sales/revenue is more than the sales/revenue generated in that period. These lose as a result, cause a reduction in the overall value of a business and can eventually lead to the collapse/liquidation of the organisation. When an organisation publishes its profit and loss accounts and a profit is shown, users of the statements may think that the business has â€Å"cash† and in turn expect different benefits. The Shareholders for example, might believe that if the company makes a profit after tax of say $200,000 then the company is in a position to pay out dividends. Similarly, employees might believe that the company can afford an increase in wages in the subsequent year. The fact is â€Å"profit does not always give a useful or meaningful picture of a company’s operations. Readers of a company’s financial statements might even be misled by a reported profit figure† (ACCA, paper 1. 1 Study text June 2003, 360). The fact is that profit does not necessarily mean an increase in cash. For example, an oil company on presenting its final accounts may show a large profit figure primarily because of large amounts of stock which it holds. Although the company may be profitable, it may be experiencing serious cash flow problems. Too much stock therefore according to many writers is tied-up cash and should be avoided as much as possible. Cash therefore according to Larson and Miller 1992:726 â€Å"is the lifeblood of a business enterprise. In a sense, cash is the fuel that keeps a business alive. With cash, employees and suppliers can be paid, loans can be repaid and owners receive dividends. Without cash, none of these things can happen. In simple terms, a business must have adequate amounts of cash to operate.† Hence, profits/losses shown by the profit and loss account and net cash inflow/outflow shown by the cash flow statement do not represent the same thing. Therefore, when businesses are profitable, which is a long-term requirement; it must pay in cash, its goods and services, capital equipment, the workforce and for that matter, all expenses incurred in the line of the business’ operation. If cash is not available to pay these expenses when the fall due, the business will slowly lose its goodwill, employees, suppliers and it will be forced into liquidation as was previously suggested. 1.If a non-current asset is purchased an outflow of the full amount is shown under Investing Activities in the cash flow statement for that period but only depreciation, which is part of the cost of that asset, is shown in the profit and loss account. This depreciation amount is not shown in the cash flow statement since it is not an actual movement of cash. The profit and loss statement therefore, attempts to spread the cost of the assets over its estimated useful life by a depreciation charge every year until it is expensed. By so doing the cost of the asset is not absorbed in the accounts in one year as is done by the cash flow statement, but over a period of time. 2.When shares are issued and cash is received from the sale, the cash flow statement will show this as a source of cash i.e. a cash flow under Financing Activities but this transaction does not have any effect on the profit and loss account. Similarly, if a loan is obtained, this is reflected as a cash inflow under financing activities but has no effect on the profit and loss account until subsequent interest charges have been made then it is shown. The same is also applicable for businesses which enjoy the overdraft facilities accorded to them by commercial banks. 3.After the sale of a non-current asset the profit or loss which is the difference between the sale price and the net book value of the asset is recorded in the profit and loss account while the entire proceeds is recorded in the cash flow statement as an increase in cash inflow under investing activities. Thus, while the cash flow statement shows inflow of cash, the profit and loss account may show a loss on disposal of the non-current asset simply because the asset was sold less than the net book value consequently representing a loss which the company has made. 4.The profit and loss account reports the total value of sale in a year less the cost of sales (â€Å"the costs directly associated with making or acquiring your products. Costs include material purchased from outside suppliers used in the manufacture of your product, as well as any internal expenses directly expended in the manufacturing process.†BusinessTown.com 2003) which is profit. Operational cash flow is the difference between cash received and cash paid from trading. If there are credit sales (receivables), cash received will differ form the value of the sales and conversely cash paid will differ from the cost of sales if there are credit purchases (payables). The difference therefore, between sales and cash received is because of changes in the amount of debtors and the difference in cost of sales and cash is because of changes in the amount of creditors. It is worthy to note that operational cash flow in the cash flow statement differs from profit in the profit and loss account. Because business accounts are prepared on an accruals basis and not on a cash basis, a sale or purchase is accounted for in the year in which it was made even if cash is exchanged in subsequent years. This practice is exercised in most businesses who, if they do not sell on credit may purchase on credit and if cash accounting is used, the accounts would not represent a â€Å"true and fair picture† of the business activity in a given period. The accounting convention when used is an application of the accrual concept. Therefore there is recognition that while the profit and loss account is affected by the accrual concept, the cash flow statement is not as was previously stated. It should be noted also, that profit, which is shown in the profit and loss account (Net profit before taxes†¦Appendix A) is really a reflection of future cash for the company because the entries recorded are from transactions done based on the accruals concept. This can be illustrated by means of a cash flow statement done using the indirect method. Using the indirect method of preparing a cash flow statement, â€Å"net profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature e.g. depreciation, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows† (ACCA, paper 1.1 Study text June 2003, 365). Appendix A confirms that the net profit of $ 3,390 million reported in the profit and loss account after adjustments became $ 410 million, the same cash amount reported in the balance sheet in Appendix C, extract under current assets. Users of the profit and loss account therefore as was established earlier may be missed by the profit figure reported. However, cash reported in the cash flow statement is authentic and represents the actual liquid position of a business organisation as at the balance sheet date. There have been frequent arguments that profit does not give an authentic view of the organisation’s performance as has been established thus far. Since the making of a profit will not necessarily result in an increased cash balance, one can conclude that a company’s performance and prospects depends not so much on profits earned in the period but more realistically on cash flow or rather the company’s liquidity. Bearing this in mind, many investors now find the profit figure reported in the profit/loss account less reliable than the cash balance reported in the cash flow statement because it is felt that the profit figure can be manipulated to reflect the producer’s bias. This notion is supported by Joseph Bernardino former chief executive of Anderson quoted in The Economist. Bernardino argued that â€Å"our financial reporting system is broken† with â€Å"many investors now believing that companies can manipulate their accounts more or less at will, with the aim of producing profits that increase steadily over time. Provisions are bumped up in goods years and later released; or the value of an acquisition is slashed; there are plenty tricks. The solution in the meantime may be to look at the cash, which is harder to disguise or invent.† The cash flow statement is therefore, unambiguous and provides information which is additional to that already provided in the other final accounts. Additionally the cash flow statement provides information based on activity instead of by balance sheet classifications and shows changes in actual cash, thus, providing additional information over the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. The dilemma as a result becomes fairly simple: there is cash or there is no cash. For this reason, the cash flow statement has several advantages which give shareholders and investors an idea as to how the funds of a company are being managed. These advantages include: 1.Cash flows allow for better comparisons and an understanding of various companies financial performance as it reports on how the cash was earned and spent as well as the reason for the difference between reported profit and related cash flows. 2.It allows for easier preparation of cash flow forecasts which is more useful than profit forecasts. 3.Cash flow reporting satisfies the needs of its users. It provides the information that enables management to make well informed decisions. It also assists shareholders with stewardship accounting while better serving the information needs of employees and creditors on the company’s liquidity status. 4.Cash flow is easily understood than profit which is based on accounting conventions and concepts such as: accruals convention or the matching concept and therefore, is easier for the layman to understand. 5.Creditors are more interested in a business’s ability to repay their debts than its profitability. Profits may indicate that cash may be available at later date, while cash flow suggests a direct view of the business’s cash situation i.e. how much money is readily available. 6.Cash flow accounting directs management’s focus on the optimum use of company assets in order to generate positive cash flows bearing in mind that cash is essential for the survival of an enterprise. In any organisation, a strong financial position is one which shows that a business has relatively little debt and large amounts of liquid assets in comparison to its current liabilities. Additionally, a strong cash balance generating with ease and efficiency from its operating activities further indicate financial strength. Large companies are therefore, mandated by law to prepare financial statements and it is in these that their performance is assessed. The users of financial statements are interested in solvency, the ability to pay debts and profitability, which creates equity. Management is also interested in these statements as it will assist them in improving the areas where performance is weak. Despite the argument presented thus far, it must be noted that â€Å"no man is an island.† This suggests that in isolation, a true understanding of a business’ performance cannot be attained by an examination of only the cash flow statement. When used in conjunction with the profit and loss account and the balance sheet, the cash flow statement gives shareholders and the other users of the financial statements the required information on viability, solvency, liquidity and the financial flexibility of a company at a specific time, essentially at the balance sheet date. Furthermore, the conjunctive use of the cash flow statements give an indication of the relationship between profitability and a company’s ability to generate cash, consequently, defining the quality of the profits reflected in the profit and loss account. Should one therefore, require an overall well calculated view of an organisation, no statement, be it profit and loss account, balance sheet or cash flow statement should be looked at in isolation. For example, in St.Lucia a new shopping plaza is on the verge of opening. Needless to say that Blue Sky Limited is now investing heavily in the refurbishment of the building in which it is to be housed. A close examination of Blue Sky Limited’s accounts would reveal large outflows with little inflows. It therefore becomes necessary to examine Blue Sky Limited’s cash flow accounts in conjunction with the profit and loss account and the balance sheet so that a more wholesome picture can be obtained. Simply put, â€Å"the cash flow statement is simply a part of the puzzle. Analysing it with the other statements can give you a more overall look at a company’s financial health† (Investopedia.com 2005). This notion is supported by Aharony et al 2003 in their study who posits that in order to understand which statement gives a better view of organisational performance, it becomes imperative to look at the â€Å"life cycle status† (LCS) of the of the business in question. Aharony et al therefore argue: Previous researchers identify four LCS’s: Start-up, maturity and decline or stagnation. At the start-up stage there are normally only a few assets in place. Growth opportunities constitute the major asset of the firm at that stage. Cash flow operation and the earnings are low, and there is a relatively great need for cash to finance the realization of these growth opportunities. At the growth stage there are more assets in place and some income is generated (Black, 1998). Sales and revenue growth rates are higher than average in the growth stage and so are investments in production facilities (Anthony and Ramesh, 1992). At the maturity stage firms experience low or no cash and needs are mostly satisfied by internal sources and at the decline or stagnant stage growth opportunities, if any, are likely to be limited, competition intensifies, and the firm’s financing costs are more expensive.(Aharony et al 2003) The implication of Aharony et al’s argument is that the cash flow statements may not necessarily be the best statement to look at a particular point in a business’ LSC because at certain points, liquidity and solvency may be low. At such points, therefore a business’ performance can be better understood by introspection of the profit and loss statement which relies heavily on accrual accounting or a combination with the balance sheet and cash flow statement. Consequently the stage of a business’ life cycle plays an important role in the understanding of a business’ performance. Despite its limitations e.g. its inability to express opinions whether or not expenditure was necessary of will be profitable, or fail to report on the cause of an increase in the firm’s receivables due to poor stock control or changes in policy, the cash flow statement remains the most detailed and accurate statement when reporting on a company’s liquidity/solvency. Therefore, in comparison to the profit and loss account, the cash flow statement definitely gives a better view of organisational performance, if for example, each statement; the cash flow statement and the profit and loss statement, is to be examined in isolation.

Financial and Management Accounting: Payroll Services

Financial and Management Accounting: Payroll Services Financial and Management Accounting Case Study: Payroll Services 1. IMPACT ON THE CHARGE PER TRANSACTION: The payroll department is incurring a total cost of  £590,000 at present. The charge per transaction is  £236 (see fig 1 Appendix A) which is the charge applied each time a salary transaction is completed i. e the salary is transfered. If the lump sum is paid to the staff to switch over to the monthly payment system, it is forecasted that it will generate a saving of  £20,000 in Pay Costs while the services and supplies costs are likely to decrease by  £3,000, thereby bringing it down to  £98,000. The recalculated total or full cost will be  £ 567,000 per financial year. In the new scenario the charge per transaction is reduced to  £226 thereby showing a saving of  £10. On analysis of the figurework it will not be advisable to have these workers shifted over to the monthly payment system as the figures suggest that bulk of the workers are under the monthly payment system. The authority will have to pay a lump sum of  £500,000 to the workers when they shift over to t he new system, however in retrspect the cost dished out now will be recovered in a very long time because the savings being made by the authority on different facets of the payroll department are not significant enough. Apart from the savings it does represent harmonisation of the company however there are other aspects to be considered. Bulk of the workers are under the monthly payment arrangement and having the weekly workers under that scheme might cause confusion in the payroll system. However there are some finer points to take into consideration. The ending of the weekly wage payment system might have an adverse effect because the workers who are being offered to shift over to the monthly payment system will still be working on weekly basis. The difference only being that their salaries will be paid on a monthly basis. Alongside these workers there are other workers who are employed on a monthly basis, they work on a monthly basis and recieve their salaries on a monthly basis. If the authority wants to keep the weekly and the monthly workers apart and not mix up or confusion between the two, it would have to operate two different payroll departments. There would be one department keeping the records of staff working on a weekly basis but all of whom will be paid a monthly salary and the second department within the payroll section to keep record of the staff workingon a monthly basis who also get paid on a monthly basis. Operating two separate departments would therefore mean that all the costs associated with the running of the payroll section will be much more than what they stand at now. The increment in the cost is therefore a mojr factor to consider. Considering this the weekly staff should not be asked to transfer to the monthly system. The fact that the authority will probably have to run two departments within a department complicates things and also increases the cost factor which is what the authority is geared towards saving. The government is also urging all the authorities to save on the cost side of things and make the authorities economically more viable. Therefore on the basis of the analysis and considerations it is advisable that the authority should not seek to transfer their weekly staff over to the monthly payment system. 2. FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF OPTION 1 AND 2: In this case we are faced with the scenario of two options having different lifespans associated with them. Option 1 has a lifespan of 4 years while Option 2 has a life span of 6 years. Facing this situation we will carry out the financial appraisal on the basis of the equal annual cash flow method whereby the option with the lowest cost will be chosen. The Equal annual cashflow supposes that the cashflows generated as an annuity. In case of annuities we use the annuity factors rather than the individual yearly discount rates to calculate the present values of the cash flows. Whereas in the equal annual cashflow method the annuity factor is the total of all the yearly factors for the duration of the project and in this case the lifespan of the payroll system being put in place. Equal annual cashflow = present value of costs/annuity factor for N years at R% Therefore for option 1: The equal annual cashflow = 916,454/2. 3299 ( Looking at the annuity tables) i. e =  £ 393,345 ( see appendix B for figures) and for Option 2: The equal annual cashflow = 1,453,231/2. 7967 i. e =  £ 519,623 Therefore on the basis of the analysis we will chose the option 1 as it has the lowest equal annual cashflow. There are a few limitations with the calculations involving cashflows and capital costs. These cashflows do not take into account the fluctuation of the interest rate and assume it to be constant over the lifespan. In isolation from authority Bs proposal we will chose the first option as it has the lower equal annual cash flow. It is feasible on the basis of the calculations to select option 1 and put it into practice. Hoewever there are limitations to the equal annual cashflow method. This appears to be a nice idea however in reality it does not add value to what we can determine from the other methods. The other methods will also yield the same result and therefore adding no extra information for us to make a decision. The equal annual cashflow method can be used alone when other methods yield nothing and this is the last resort for carrying out an financial apprasial. As f ar as the aritheticinvolvedin this method it is no more complicated that the other methods and is no more advanced than the traditional methods. There are limitations to this methods which leave a lot to be desired. This method ignores the influence of inflation and fluctuation in the interest rate. However it is possible to overcome these limitations by adjusting for the these factors. The cashflows can be adjusted for inflation and the fluctuating interst rate in the real world. Firstly a discount rate shoul be selected that is already adjusted for the inflation and includes an allowance for the inflation. Secondly the cashflows can be expressed in real terms whereby meaning that the anticipated inflation rate can be excluded from the discount rate. In other words the first method provides us with the nominal cashflows while the second method gives us the real cashflows at a real discount rate. The second method excludes the anticipated inflation rate from the discount rate which follows the prudence concept of accounting where the costs are over estimated and the profits are underestimated so as to avoid disappoinmtment later and to cover for the contigencies. 3. DISCUSSION ON THE PROPOSAL: Authority Bs proposal is to transfer As payroll function to B. The cost associated with this  £380,000 for the next financial year. Evaluating on the cost basis only the Authority A should go ahead with the transfer because the cost proposed by authority B is less than the cost calculated for authority A which is  £393,345 on the equal annual cashflow method. Authority B has also suggested that in fututre if more authorities join in the cost would be lowered progressively in the following financial years. Based on the calculation and authrotiy Bs proposal the authotiy A its payroll function to authority B. In order to carry out an investment appraisal of the proposal there will be a few items other than the cost. We would need the reduction in the cost due to the shifting of the payroll. We would also require the reduction in cost due to less staff being employed. Reduction in service and supplies costs. However we would also need to know the cost incurred due to the redundancy o f a number of staff due to the payroll being transfered. The knowledge of all these costs would enable us to make a much better informed desicion on whether or not to transfer the payroll to authority B and whether it would be beneficial in the long run. These financial appraisals have a limitation which is that they donot incorporate inflation however inflation can be adjusted for when carrying out the financial appraisal. The net present value can be adjusted by two ways to take inflation into account. Firstly a discount rate can be used which incorporates inflation. secondly the discount rate can exclude the inflation rate and the cash flows acan be expressed in real terms. The transferring of the payroll from one different authorities to a central one might result in too many job losses and redundancies which again will be against the governments agenda. The government would certainly not like to contribute to unemployment. In this case this can be solved by spreading the unemployment over different authorities and not increasing the burden on one authority or for that matter a few authorities. The government should also try and create more jobs so as to accomodate these redundancies. APPENDICES APPENDIX A: The cost for operating the payroll section is as follows: Payroll costs:  £216,000 Services and Supplies:  £101,000 Accomodation: £ 45,000 Capital Charge: £228,000 Full Cost: £ 590,000 The charge to the Budget Holders is:  £590,000/2500 =  £ 236/Transaction. (fig1) The cost for the payroll after paying the Lump sum: Payroll Costs:  £196,000 Services and Sipplies: £ 98,000 Accomodation: £ 45,000 Capital charge: £ 228,000 Full Cost: £ 567,000 The charge now to the Budget Holders is:  £ 567,000/2500 =  £ 226/Transaction(fig2) APPENDIX B: OPTION1 START OF YEAR CAHSFLOWS YRCASHFLOW PV @ 8% 1 £ 830,000 830,000 2 £ 33,000 28,290 3 £ 36,300 28,815 4 £ 39,930 29,349 TOTAL 916,454 OPTION 2 START OF YEAR CAHSFLOWS YRCASHFLOW PV @ 8% 1 £ 1400,000 1400,000 2 £ 22,000 20,369 3 £ 24,000 20,575 4 £ 24,000 19,051 5 £ 24,000 17,640 6 £ 24,000 16334 TOTAL 1,453,231 BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: 1. Mott, G. (1993) Investment Appraisal 2. Pike Neale (2003) Corporate Finance Investment 3. Drury, C Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition Thomson (2004) 4. Williamson Duncan Cost and Management Accounting (1996) Prentice Hall